Lecture 4

Question 1

all living things are made up of which classes of biological molecules?

Answer 1

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• nucleic acids
• lipids

Question 2

describe a monomer

Answer 2

a single biomolecule

Question 3

describe a macromolecule

Answer 3

a large biomolecule made of smaller subunits that may or may not be identical. don’t have to be attached end to end.

Question 4

describe a polymer.

Answer 4

long molecule made up of several similar or indentical subunits (monomers)

Question 5

which biomelecules form polymers

Answer 5

carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 6

how do two or more biomolecules form a polymer

Answer 6

dehydration synthesis.

1. short polymer looses an H. unlinked monomer looses an OH. this forms water.
2. a bond forms between the short polymer and the unlinked monomer.

Question 7

How do you break down a polymer into monomers

Answer 7

hydrolysis

adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.
1 water = break 1 bond.

Question 8

what is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 8

energy source OR building material

Question 9

what are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

Answer 9

monosaccharides

includes sugars

Question 10

monosaccharides function

Answer 10

major fuel for cells and as a raw material for building molecules and as a raw material for building larger organic molecules.

Question 11

what is the formula/ration of monosaccharides?

Answer 11

CH2O

1 carbon: 2 H: 1 O

Question 12

What shape do the molecules of monosaccharides have?

Answer 12

drawn as a linear skeleton.

In aqueous solutions they form rings

Question 13

what are the types of monosaccharides?

Answer 13

alpha glucose and beta glucose

Question 14

describe alpha glucose structure

Answer 14

OH on the right (carbon 1) points down. matches the left side (carbon 4)

Question 15

describe beta glucose structure.

Answer 15

OH on right (carbon 1) points up. opposite the the left side (carbon 4)

Question 16

describe disaccharides

Answer 16

forms when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

the bond between them is called a glycosidic linkage

Question 17

what is the bond between monosaccharides caleed

Answer 17

glycosidic linkages

Question 18

what are long chains of linked monosaccharides called?

Answer 18

polysaccharides

Question 19

what is the formula for polysacharrides

Answer 19

a factor of CH2O

Question 20

what are polysaccharides

Answer 20

long chains of linked monosaccharides

Question 21

what are the function of polysaccharides?

Answer 21

energy storage OR structural support

Question 22

describe the energy strorage function of polysaccharides

Answer 22

• storage polysaccharides in plants are called starches (amylose and amylopectin)
• storage in polysaccharide in animals and fungi is called glycogen
• all made of ALPHA GLUCOSE

Question 23

describe the structural support function of polysaccharides

Answer 23

• structural polysaccharide in plants is called cellulose
• structural polysaccharide in fungi is called chitin
• all made of BETA GLUCOSE

Question 24

what happens when plants produce more alpha glucose (by photosynthesis) than they can use?

Answer 24

they store the excess in the form of starch

Question 25

what is a starch polymer

Answer 25

formed by alpha glucose monomers linked through glycosidic bonds

Question 26

Name the types of starch

Answer 26

amylose amylopectin

Question 27

describe amylose

Answer 27

starch. linear, unbranched, helical polymer

Question 28

describe amylopectin

Answer 28

starch branched polymer

Question 29

what happens when fungi and animals absorb/ingest more alpha glucose than they can use?

Answer 29

they store some excess in the form of glycogen

Question 30

what is a glycigen polymer formed of

Answer 30

alpha glucose monomers

Question 31

what is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

Answer 31

cellulose

Question 32

what is cellulose

Answer 32

i a major component of the tough wall of plant cells - polymer of glucose, different glycosidic linkages - difference is because it is made of BETA GLUCOSE

Question 33

describe cellulose structure

Answer 33

unbranched. long strands layered and linkedd by H-bonds.

Question 34

how does cellulose pass through the digestive tract? why?

Answer 34

as insoluble fiber bc enzymes that hydrolyze alpha linkages in starch cannot hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose - some microbiomes have enzymes that digest cellulose - herbivores have symbiotic relationships with these microbes

Question 35

describe structural support in fungi and animals.

Answer 35

chitin, a structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects and crustaceans) and fungal cell walls

Question 36

describe structure on chitin molecule

Answer 36

beta glucose with a NHCOCH3 attached to carbon 2