Lecture 4

Question 1

Examples of Immune Over-reaction

Answer 1

Autoimmune problems (Lupus, Type 1 diabetes) and Allergic reaction (Food sensitivities, eczema)

Question 2

Examples of Immune Under-reaction

Answer 2

Cancer and Infection (Bacteria, Mold/fungus)

Question 3

What the 2 forms of Immunity?

Answer 3

Innate and adaptive immunity

Question 4

Traits of Innate Immunity

Answer 4

Fast, general, no diversity or specificity, no memory, first line of defence

Question 5

Traits of Adaptive Immunity

Answer 5

Slower, specific and specialized, diverse, memory, offers selective and precise protection

Question 6

Microbiology behind innate immunity

Answer 6

Phagocytes, dendritic cells, complement, and NK cells

Question 7

Microbiology behind adaptive immunity

Answer 7

B lymphocytes which form antibodies, T lymphocytes and Effector T cells

Question 8

Types of Innate Barriers

Answer 8

Anatomic and Physiologic barriers

Question 9

Anatomic barriers

Answer 9

Skin and Mucous membranes

Question 10

Physiologic barriers

Answer 10

Temperature, Gastric pH, Enzymes, Normal flora (good bacteria)

Question 11

Innate cells

Answer 11

Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural Killer cells

Question 12

Neutrophils

Answer 12

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that help heals damaged tissues and resolves infections

Question 13

Marcrophages

Answer 13

Recognize pathogens via Fc and complement receptors;
Phagocytose pathogens

Question 14

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 14

Seek out abnormal cells (cancer or infected with virus) and kill them

Question 15

Phagocytes

Answer 15

Cells that have the ability to ingest, and possibly digest, foreign particles, such as bacteria, carbon, dust, or dye

Question 16

Innate Proteins

Answer 16

Acute phase reactants and complement

Question 17

Acute phase reactants

Answer 17

Serum concentrations increase or decrease by at least 25% during inflammatory states (examples, ESR, CRP, Ferritin)

Question 18

Complement

Answer 18

Produced by a predecessor protein or in response to the presence of foreign material in the body and that triggers or participates in a complement reaction (enhances the ability of antibodies)

Question 19

Adaptive Immunity cells

Answer 19

Antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes including B-cells and T-cells

Question 20

Types of T-cells

Answer 20

CD4 and CD8

Question 21

Types of adaptive immunity reactions

Answer 21

Humoral and cell mediated reactions

Question 22

Humoral reactions produce…

Answer 22

Antibodies (b-cells); extracellular protection

Question 23

Cell mediated reactions produce…

Answer 23

CD8 T-Lymphocytes

Question 24

Antibodies

Answer 24

My cells; produced by B-cells in response to foreign antigens (diverse and specific to the antigen they are fighting)

Question 25

Antigen

Answer 25

Not my cells; A substance recognized as foreign matter and will be bound by antibodies or T-cell receptors

Question 26

B-cells

Answer 26

Each B-cell produces one Ab specific against one antigen before exposure to the antigen

Question 27

What surface Ig were found on the B-cells?

Answer 27

IgD and IgM

Question 28

How many memory B-cells are produced?

Answer 28

One

Question 29

True or false: Each T-cell produces a T-cell receptor that recognizes one specific antigen after exposure to the antigen

Answer 29

False; The T-cell receptor is produced before exposure

Question 30

CD8 T-cells

Answer 30

Cytotoxic T-cells which kill cells containing foreign antigens (all or nothing; a very aggressive reaction)

Question 31

CD4 T-cells

Answer 31

T-helper cells; Promote the various responses of the adaptive immune system

Question 32

MHC class 1 molecule

Answer 32

Cell surface recognition elements are expressed on virtually all somatic cells (binds with CD8 cells for cell death of the target cell)

Question 33

Professional Ag-presenting cells present antigens to...

Answer 33

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B-cells, MHC Class 2, and CD4 T-cells

Question 34

CD4 Th1 cell

Answer 34

Promotes cell mediated immunity

Question 35

CD4 Th2 cell

Answer 35

Promotes humoral immunity

Question 36

How are Immune responses initiated?

Answer 36

Lymphocytes' recognition of antigens

Question 37

How is the immune response regulated?

Answer 37

Once the immune system is on it must be turned off. This done with many negative feedback loops and T-regulatory cells

Question 38

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 38

Most Polymorphic genes in the human genome. One set of alleles from each parent encodes both alpha and beta chains. These create 4 MHC from each locus

Question 39

Thymus

Answer 39

Where CD4 and CD8 T-cells mature (negative and positive selection occur); We have a full Thymus when we are born (constantly making these cells) and deteriorates as we age (weaker immunity)

Question 40

Positive Selection

Answer 40

Targeting the desired cell population with an antibody specific to a cell surface marker (MHC)

Question 41

Negative Selection

Answer 41

Select against self antigens

Question 42

Toll-Like Receptors

Answer 42

Expressed in endosomes/surface based on where they will encounter targets (expose any danger to the cell)

Question 43

Where is the genetic coding region for Class 1 and Class 2 MHC molecules

Answer 43

Chromosome 6

Question 44

Another name for MHC genes

Answer 44

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA genes)

Question 45

Cytokines

Answer 45

Small proteins secreted by many cells (within or outside of the immune system) that mediate many of the functions of other cells

Question 46

Types of cytokines

Answer 46

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Question 47

One cytokine having multiple effects makes it...

Answer 47

Pleotropic

Question 48

Different cytokines having the same effect make it...

Answer 48

Redundant

Question 49

Cells in the circulating system

Answer 49

Cells in the peripheral blood and lymph (2% of cells)

Question 50

Cells in the Organ System

Answer 50

Central lymphoid organs and Peripheral lymphoid organs (98% of cells)

Question 51

What central lymphoid organ is a site for B-cell maturation

Answer 51

Bone marrow

Question 52

What peripheral lymphoid organ is a site for filtering antigens?

Answer 52

Lymph nodes

Question 53

What peripheral lymphoid organ white pulp is a site for filtering antigens in the blood?

Answer 53

Spleen

Question 54

What peripheral lymphoid organ is a site for surveillance of antigens in the gut?

Answer 54

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue