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Hematology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Electronic Impedance?

A

Also know as the Coulter Principle, provides a 3 part diff made of Histograms.

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2
Q

What is Optical Scatter?

A

5 part diff made of scatter plots.

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3
Q

The number of voltage pulse in the Electronic Impedance is proportional to the what?

A

Number of cells.

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4
Q

The size of voltage pulse in the Electronic Impedance is proportional to the what?

A

The Size or volume of the cells.

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5
Q

The x axis in a Electronic Impedance histogram is what?

A

Cell Size

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6
Q

The y axis in a Electronic Impedance histogram is what?

A

Relative number of cells

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7
Q

What size aperture is the WBCs and HgB measured in?

A

It is measured in a large WBC aperture.

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8
Q

What size aperture is RBCs and PLTs measured in?

A

A smaller RBC/PLT aperture.

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9
Q

What happens when Protein Buildup on an Aperture?

A

There is a decreases flow of cell thru aperture and a increases electrical resistance which falsely low cell counts with falsely high cell volumes.

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10
Q

What happens when Coincidence Passage (Coincidence Counting) accrues?

A

More than one cell pulled through aperture at one time, resulting in a falsely high cell volume.

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11
Q

What is a CBC Histogram?

A

It is a plot of the size distribution of WBCs, RBCs, and platelets.

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12
Q

What is shown in a histogram?

A

Average size of cells, Distribution of cells around a mean, and Presence of abnormal cell populations

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13
Q

How is the WBC aperture measured?

A

A lyseing agent is added to this aperture and the then the cells are measured spectrophotometically.

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14
Q

What is directly Measured?

A

RBC, WBC, and HgB

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15
Q

What is Derived from The Histogram?

A

PLT, MVP (Mean PLT Volume), MCV and RDW

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16
Q

What is computed?

A

HCT, MCH, and MCHC

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17
Q

What are the 2 populations on a WBC histogram?

A

Lymphs, Mid cells, and Granulocytes

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18
Q

R0

A

Clumped PLT, “Y-axis takeoff”

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19
Q

R1

A

Clumped PLT, “Y-axis takeoff”, and NRBC

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20
Q

R2

A

Blasts and Atypical (reactive) Lymphs

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21
Q

R3

A

Increased number of bands or eosinophils

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22
Q

R4

A

High absolute granulocyte counts

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23
Q

RM

Study These Flashcards
A

Abnormalities in multiple regions

24
Q

What can be estimated by looking at the RBC histogram by drawing a line from the peak to the X-axis.

25
What does a “Broad-based” RBC histograms mean?
Anisocytosis and Correlates with a high RDW
26
RBCs are sized as particles that are?
>= 36 fL
27
35-90 fL
Lymphs
28
90-160 fL
Mid cells
29
160-450 fL
Granulocytes
30
What is a Dimorphic RBC Population
Having two different populations of RBCs in the body at the same time and looks like a (Camel humps) because there are two RBC peaks on the histogram.
31
Platelets are sized as particles between?
2-20 fL
32
Interference in PLT counts
Dirt or debris in the diluent, Microcytic RBCs, Schistocytes (RBC fragments)
33
Tailing Up
MCV is very low, suspect microcytic RBCs are the cause.
34
What is a scatterplot?
It is a three-dimensional plot of cell populations. It is based upon VCS technology.
35
What is VCS technology?
Volume: Cell sizing by electrical impedance Conductivity: Uses a high frequency electromagnetic probe which reflects the nuclear, granular, and chemical properties of cells. Light scatter: Cell surfaces features and internal structure.
36
What gives you a 5 part diff?
A Scattergram or a Scatterplot
37
Which type of Scatterplot is most used.
DF-1 (Discriminant Function -1)
38
What is displayed on a DF-1?
X-axis: light scatter Y-axis: volume Basophils are not visible on DF-1 because they are located behind the lymphs.
39
what are the other 2 types of scatterplots?
DF-2 and DF-3
40
what are the Color Codes of the Scattergram?
Yellow (highest in number) Red Green Blue (lowest in number)
41
Bull's moving average can only be done on what cells and why?
RBC and because they useally do not change much.
42
What can Falsely increase a WBC count?
Heparin NRBC Platelet Clumps
43
What can Falsely Decrease a WBC count?
Clotted specimen | Smudge cells
44
What can Falsely increase a RBC count?
Giant platelet | Greatly elevated WBC
45
What can Falsely Decrease a RBC count?
Microcytic RBCs (counted as plts) Cold agglutinins Clotted specimens
46
What can Falsely increase a HgB count?
Lipemia | Greatly elevated WBC
47
What can Falsely increase a Hematocrit count?
Hyperglycemia (600 mg/dL or greater) (Glucose causes the RBCs to swell) Greatly elevated WBC
48
What can Falsely increase a MCV count?
Hyperglycemia, EDTA blood at room temperature > 6 hours WBC > 50,000 WBC/uL
49
What can Falsely increase a PLT count?
``` Microcytic RBCs RBC fragments (schistocytes) ```
50
What can Falsely Decrease a HgB count?
Clotted specimen
51
What can Falsely Decrease a Hematocrit count?
Clotted specimen | Hemolysis
52
What can Falsely Decrease a PLT count?
Clotted specimen Giant platelets counted as WBC Platelet clumping, platelet satellitosis counted as WBC
53
What is a Pre-Analytical Sources of Error?
Anything that happens before it gets into the Instrument.
54
What is a Analytical Sources of Error?
Anything that happens while the test is being ran.
55
What is Post-Analytical Sources of Error
Anything that happens after the sample has been ran.
56
What are the 3 Types of Hematology Analyzers?
Beckman-Coulter Sysmex Cell-Dyn by Abbott Laboratories
57
Agglutination
Clumping of RBCs

Hematology (9 decks)

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