Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the 12 characteristics that make primates distinct

Answer 1

1) retention of 5 digits
2) nails instead of claws
3) flexible hands and feet with ample prehension (grasping) and separate radius and ulna bones
4) exhibit tendency toward erect posture especially when sitting down
5) retention of the clavicle
6) stereoscopic vision
7) complex brains
8) long periods of gestation
9) greater dependency on highly flexible social behaviour
10) diphyodonts - two sets of teeth (permanent, and deciduous)
11) hertodonts: having different kinds of teeth, molars, premolars, canine, and incisors
12) postorbital bar/plate that separated the eye orbit from the back of the skull

Question 2

Classifying Primates

Answer 2

Strepsirhini: Lemurs and Lorises
Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 3

Strepsirhini

Answer 3

1) Rhinarium: bare, wet surface at the end of the nose
2) grooming claw: second digit of the hind foot
3) dental comb: formed by the combination of lower incisors and canines used for feeding , grooming and extracting sap out of the tree

Question 4

Haplorhini

Answer 4

monkeys, apes, tarsiers, humans 
larger body size 
absence of rhinarium 
typically posses a tail 
predominantly diurnal 
nails on all digits 
more rounded skull and larger cranial vault 
higher gestation and maturation periods 
more prenatal care
more complex social systems 
back wall of eye orbit is completed which is called the postorbital bar

Question 5

Apes: Hominidae

Answer 5

Large body size
absence of tails
shortened trunk
differences in position and musculature of the shoulder joint, this helps for locomotion and brachiation
complex behaviour
complex brain and enhanced cognitive abilities
longer periods of infancy development and dependency

Question 6

All primates

Answer 6

1) exhibit grooming behaviour
2) social animals live in groups of various sizes
3) exhibit dominance hierarchies
4) have mother-infant relationships with some species having alloparent extensions of this relationships

Question 7

primates closely related to us

Answer 7

1) exhibit learned behaviour
2) use tools
3) include meat in their diet
4) exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism

Question 8

Arboreal origin theory

Answer 8

Primates developed characteristics because they lived in trees

Question 9

Visual predation theory

Answer 9

Primates developed grasping and forward facing eyes characteristics because of the insect predation

Question 10

Angiosperm radiation theory

Answer 10

Primates developed grasping hands for the adaptations towards flowering plants

Question 11

Narrow niche theory

Answer 11

Primates developed from selective pressures for fringe branch feeding and relaxation of previous selective pressures
characteristics arose from varying environmental conditions at different times

Question 12

Neonatal stage

Answer 12

0-3 months
humans are completely helpless during this stage they have no control over anything, bodily functions or musculature
development of lymphatic system, neurology and general growth

Question 13

Infancy

Answer 13

3 months - 2 years
motor control and neural development (intense growth)
grasping, sitting, walking, standing
deciduous detention
language acquisition - learn through osmosis and exposure to language

Question 14

Childhood

Answer 14

2 years - 7 years
slowed growth - start to become proportional
deciduous detention start to come into occlusion with each other, meaning they are touching and so you can chew
gradual loss of deciduous detention and growth of permanent teeth
symbolic play that usually represents adult roles
learning cultural norms

Question 15

Juvenile

Answer 15

7 years - 13 years
engage in logical thinking - hypo-deductive reasoning
conversational language ability
increase growth in later phase (growth spurt)
elimination of reduction in egocentrism - not as self centered
permanent teeth start to come into occlusion with each other
sense of displacement - ability to think past yourself and attribute motive and symbolism to others

Question 16

Puberty

Answer 16

13-16 years 
occurs earlier in females than males 
sexual maturity 
re-intiation of hypothalamic pituitary gondola system that has laid dormant since utero which is what makes you female or male  
fully socialized 
brings changes in physiology to render us quite different for how biological processes occur - make easier to identify skeleton sex 
sexual dimorphism 
fusing of epiphyseal growth plates

Question 17

Reproductive

Answer 17

16-50 years

physical ability to bear children

Question 18

Senescence

Answer 18

Starts at 25
not noticeable till 35
infantize old people - they cannot have the physical ability as youth - it starts to deteriorate

Question 19

Chronological age

Answer 19

counted in years, measurement of time as we understand

Question 20

Biological age

Answer 20

where are at biological development

Question 21

Social age

Answer 21

accompanied with categories and expectations of how we should act and behave, what is acceptable within society
also associated with materiality

Question 22

Materiality

Answer 22

material objects associated with social age and culture influences biological aspectts
ex: razor, deodorant, tampons for puberty
toys, for infancy

Question 23

Social death

Answer 23

being removed from society before biologically dying

being put into an old folks home

Question 24

Rights of passage

Answer 24

Usually celebrate a transition from one role to another

1) identification of separation
2) liminality
3) incorporation

Question 25

Oestological terminology

Answer 25

Epiphysis: spongy trabecular, cancellous bone found at the ends Diaphysis: compact cortical bone

Question 26

Periosteum

Answer 26

vascular membrane that surrounds the outer surface of bone and in which osteoblasts are from and osteogenesis begins

Question 27

Osteoblast

Answer 27

cells that form bone and are collagen producing

Question 28

Osteocyte

Answer 28

once osteoblasts become trapped in matrix they produce osteocytes - star shapes cells that make up the majority of the bone in skeleton

Question 29

Osteoclasts

Answer 29

cells that break down bone by removing the bones mineralized matrix

Question 30

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 30

only for clavicle and cranium mesenchymal stem cells that turn directly into bone via ossification centres flatter/smoother bone

Question 31

endochondral ossification

Answer 31

all other bones gives outline for bone via cartilage which is formed by a chondrocyte around cartilage is the perichondron which froms the periosteum to get osteoblasts to make cortical bone on the outside cartilage on the inside starts to degenerate to form an ossification centre and the periosteum invade to produce bone within the diaphysis There is maturation at the secondary ossification at the epiphysis at either end of the bone and that allow for growth cortical bone on outside, trabecular/cancellous/spongy bone on inside

Question 32

Remodelling

Answer 32

occurs every 7-10 years of the skeleton if you are more active your skeleton will remodel more robust your skeleton remodels based on mechanical demand of use of bones or impact on bones

Question 33

Wolf's law

Answer 33

bone replaces itself in direction of functional demand | ossifies more intensely in regions of mechanical stress from impact or mechanical action

Question 34

Enamel

Answer 34

never remodels, durable and largely impermeable permanent teeth are found above deciduous so they are there from birth extract teeth material to compare to skeletal material you can compare what the person ate as a child and as an adult ideal for chemical, isotopic and radiometric analysis

Question 35

Femur

Answer 35

has high ratio of dense cortical bone which is less prone to contamination in comparison to trabecular bone it is the biggest bone in the body it can tell you alot about a person

Question 36

Skeletal Variation

Answer 36

ontogeny sexual dimorphism idiosyncratic geographical/population based

Question 37

Ontogeny

Answer 37

Revelas age variation arising from the wroth of an individual able to tell how many bones have fused together as there will be a growth plate line the line of fusion will disappear over time, but a 25 year old will have a line at the clavicle but not the femoral epiphysis usually can get a range between 3-4 years

Question 38

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 38

variations between male and female female have larger ventral arches and sciatic notches within the pelvis males have a more distinct nuchal crest a larger mental eminence to give square jaws in muscular men larger mastoid processes larger occipital condocytes larger and broader palates

Question 39

Idiosyncractic

Answer 39

individual variation that is normally found

Question 40

Geographical/population based

Answer 40

someone who lived long ago and far away would have variation to someone who lived now and in another place but you need a large sample size to make these inferences

Question 41

Degeneration of the skeleton

Answer 41

can also reveal the age dental ware from chewing will cause teeth to drop out and if the gum has filled that will also indicate age after early adulthood the range of age identification goes from 10-15 years

Question 42

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 42

marked differences in male and female biology

Question 43

Disease that manifests skeletally

Answer 43

Cavities in teeth - can get so bad that the nerve dies and retracts you can tell if the teeth dont align the right way

Question 44

Malnutrition

Answer 44

Harris lines on bones enamel hypoplasia on teeth growth plate stalls during malnutrition as do osteoblasts but not entirely, if the growth plate stops for long enough it will leave a line on the bone enamel hypoplasia will be able to see for forever because enamel don't remodel

Question 45

Anemia

Answer 45

less nutritious diet full but you are not getting the right amount of nutrients starts to leave pockets on your skull on your frontal lobe which is your forehead

Question 46

Treponematosis

Answer 46

caused from syphilis, yaw, and pinta pockets in skull and bones that eventually will lead to holes caused from a bacterium called treponema pallidum

Question 47

Tuberculosis (TB)

Answer 47

manifests skeletally from a secondary infection effects vertebra, ribs, sternum, and epiphysis bone is absorbed due to infection and the TB disc collapses causing patients to be hunched over

Question 48

Trauma/Stress

Answer 48

Violence/deformed bones | cracked skull and broken ribs you can tell that it is an impact and not an accident based on remodelling

Question 49

Osteoarthritis

Answer 49

osteophytes form which are spurs of bone that appear on the ends of the bones that are rubbing together degenerative disorder of joints characterized by the breakdown of the joint's cartilage causing the articular surfaces of the bone to come in contact with one another good way to tell age