Lecture 4

Question 1

what are nymphaeceae and magnoliaceae

Answer 1

the primitive angiosperm families

Question 2

what are tepals

Answer 2

flowers where the sepal and petals are indistinguishable

Question 3

what is the carpel

Answer 3

the female reproductive structure (like the pistil), collectively form the gynoecium

Question 4

how do carpels develop in the primitive angiosperms (nymphaeceae and magnoliaceae)

Answer 4

they form into a woody bonelike aggregate of seed breaking follicles

Question 5

what is the aril

Answer 5

the fleshy red outer layer of the seeds of nymphaeaceae and magnoliaceae

Question 6

what is the gynoecium

Answer 6

the female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of the carpels

Question 7

what is the androecium

Answer 7

the male part of a flower, made up of the stamens

Question 8

what is the corolla

Answer 8

the petals collectively

Question 9

what is the calyx

Answer 9

the sepals collectively

Question 10

what is the receptacle

Answer 10

the part of a flower stalk where all the parts of the flower are attached

Question 11

what is a hypogynous flower

Answer 11

same as a superior ovary

- a flower in which the stamens, sepals, and petals are attached to the receptacle at a point below the ovary

Question 12

what is a perigynous flower

Answer 12

same as a half-anterior ovary
- the sepals, petals and stamen are attached to the rim of a hypanthium that surrounds but is not fused to the ovary wall

Question 13

what is the hypanthium

Answer 13

the floral tube, formed by fusion of the bases of the sepals, petals, androecium and loosely surrounding or united with the gynoecium

Question 14

what is an epigynous flower

Answer 14

same as an inferior ovary

- the sepals, petals, and stamen are attached to the hypanthium above the ovary

Question 15

in a perfect flower, how are the floral parts (both sterile and fertile) arranged

Answer 15

in four whorls

• outermost is the sepals
• second whorl is the petals
• third whorl is the stamens
• fourth whorl is the gynoecium (pistil comprising of two fused carpels)

Question 16

what are hermaphrodite flower

Answer 16

perfect/complete flowers whose flowers have both male and female parts (sepals and petals not considered)

Question 17

what are incomplete flowers

Answer 17

flowers with only female or male structures; flower is either staminate or carpellate (pistillate)

Question 18

monoecious

Answer 18

if the separate male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers are on the same plant

Question 19

dioecious

Answer 19

when male and female flowers occur on separate plants and create separate male and female plants

Question 20

what inflorescence

Answer 20

flowers arranged in clusters

- either monopodial or sympodial

Question 21

what is the difference between monopodial in sympodial

Answer 21

• monopodial show indeterminate (open) growth with lateral flowers growing from a terminal bud
• sympodial shows closed growth where the terminal bud dies and flowers grow from lateral buds, the terminal flower matures first

Question 22

what is the difference between peduncle and pedicle

Answer 22

peduncle is the stalk the inflorescence grow from and the pedicle is the stalk of the flower

Question 23

what is a bract

Answer 23

the leaf associated with inflorescence

Question 24

what is the acropetal vs basipetal

Answer 24

acropetal - towards tip

basipetal - towards base

Question 25

what does sessile mean

Answer 25

fixed in one place, unmoving

Question 26

what are pappus

Answer 26

``` modified calyx (collectively refers to the sepals) - think dandelion seeds ```

Question 27

what is protandry

Answer 27

when the anthers and pollen mature before the stigma

Question 28

what is an achene

Answer 28

a small, dry, one seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed (think strawberry seed)

Question 29

what is racemose/ raceme

Answer 29

inflorescence with separate flowers connected by short stalks at equal distance along a central stem

Question 30

ament or catkin

Answer 30

unisexual flowers arranged around central drooping axis

Question 31

what is verticillaster

Answer 31

- dichasial cyme | - nearly sessile (fixed) clusters of flowers arranged as whorls around an axis

Question 32

involucre

Answer 32

a cup shape which is made by fused bracts (leaves associated with inflorescence)

Question 33

describe fig structure

Answer 33

hollow, flask shaped inflorescence lined inside with little apetalous, unisexual flowers

Question 34

what is the difference between male and female flowers of a fig

Answer 34

male: 1-5 stamens female: single pistil (gynoecium) with either a long or short style

Question 35

what is the difference between caprifig and edible fig

Answer 35

caprifig are male trees and edible figs are female trees

Question 36

what is a syconium

Answer 36

fleshy hollow recepticle that develops into a multiple fruit as in a fig

Question 37

what are the lemma and palea

Answer 37

hardened, modified stems with the lemma being larger than the palea, and the lemma has a pointed tip called the awn

Question 38

lodicule

Answer 38

small green or white scale below the ovary of a grass flower that opens/closes the spikelet

Question 39

spikelet

Answer 39

the rice flower

Question 40

what is the example of bracts appearing petal like

Answer 40

the poinsettia

Question 41

what is the anther

Answer 41

the top of the stamen

Question 42

how is the anther divided

Answer 42

into pollen sacs called microsporangia

Question 43

what is a locule

Answer 43

a chamber in which microspores (pollen) are produced

Question 44

what is the tapetum

Answer 44

inner specialized nutritive layer of cells located between sporangenous tissue and the outer anther wall

Question 45

what is microsporogenesis

Answer 45

haploid single celled pollen grain protoplasts formed which gain an exile and intine wall to form the microspore (pollen grain)

Question 46

what is the difference between a protoplast and pollen grain

Answer 46

protoplasts are plant cells (pollen grain cells) without a cell wall and pollen grains have exile and intine membranes which develop after the protoplast develops

Question 47

what is the other name for a vegetative cell

Answer 47

the tube cell

Question 48

what was the takeaway from the "grace" image

Answer 48

stigma cells may be papillate and exhibit tip growth