Lecture 8 Flashcards by Giselle Carter

what is a protoplast

a plant cell without a cell wall

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what is a callus

a mass of undifferentiated cells which may either continue dividing or undergo differentiation

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what makes the plant cell change from spherical to oval

secretion of a cell wall by the protoplast

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what is cellulose

complex linear polysaccharide polymer made up of glucose monomers
- major component of the cell wall

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what is a microfibril

several cellulose chains arranged in parallel arrays

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what is cellulose synthase

rosette structures complex at the plasma membrane that moves as it extrudes microfibrils

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what is hemi-cellulose

smaller chains of cellulose which help link together the microfibrils and other components of the cell wall

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what is pectin

sticky, acidic, heteropolysaccharide that binds various cell wall components together
- it is this which helped keep single celled primitive plant cell things together (first lecture)

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what is the primary cell wall (PCW)

characteristic feature of every cell that is able to divide and differentiate and facilitates cell expansion and elongation

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what is parenchyma tissue

cells with thin, flexible cell walls

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what are secondary cell walls

primary cell walls which have laid down internal subsequent cell wall layers and are largely cellulosic to increase structural rigidity

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what is collenchyma tissue

strategic points of layering of the PCW which gives rise to different levels of strength and flexibility

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what is lignin

a complex, hydrophobic, phenolic polymer which aids in structural rigidity of the cell wall

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what is growth

irreversible increase in size due to division and enlargement

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what is development

growth and differentiation occurring over time

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what is morphogenesis

the genesis and development of morphology (form)

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is a strict embryonic lineage maintained during post-germinative development

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what is totipotency

cells can go back to being meristematic after differentiating (unlike eukaryotic stem cells)

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how is plant growth under normal conditions

modular (zygote develops into a unit which produces more units like itself)

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what is the protoderm

epidermis

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what is the procambium

vascular tissue

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what is the ground meristem

pith and cortex

what is the tunica

outer layers (L1 and L2) created mainly by anticlinal divisions

what is the corpus

Layer 3 (L3), made by periclinal divisions

what is the central zone

the pro-meristem and shows infrequent division. It is surrounded by the peripheral zone

what is the peripheral zone

gives rise to leaf primordial

what causes stem elongation

internode elongation

what causes stem thickening

periclinal divisions and cell enlargement

what is the lamina

leaf blade

what is the petiole

stalk, connects the blade to the stem

what is a sessile leaf

when the petiole is absent, leaf forms a sheath

what are stipules

scale-like or green leafy appendages at the base of some leaves

what is a dorsiventral leaf

then upper and lower surfaces can be told apart

what is a isobilateral leaf

when it isn't possible to distinguish between the two sides of the leaf

what is adaxial

the side of the leaf adjacent to the axis

what is abaxial

the side of the leaf facing away from the axis

what is phyllotaxy

pattern of organ initiation at the shoot apex or the arrangement of leaves on the stem

alternate arrangement

single leaves at each node and alternating along the sides of the stem (ex grasses)

decussate/ opposite arrangement

leaves arranged with each succeeding pair at right angles to the pairs below and above them (ex maple)

what is whorled

when several leaves appear to arise from one node

what is spiral

alternately arranged leaves in which each succeeding node and attached leaf is rotated slightly (ex aloe)

what is rosette

leaves arranged in a cluster near the soil at the base of the plant (ex dandelion)

what is heteroblasty

plants which exhibit major differences between young and mature leaves

what is a phyllode

flattened leaf stalk/petiole that looks like a leaf

what is heterophyllous

leaves of different sizes or shapes on the same plant

what is phyllocade/cladode

flattened stem that take over leaf functions (cactus)

what are pavement cells

large epidermal cells

what are trichomes

epidermal hair

what contains chloroplasts

palisade layer of mesophyll, guard cells, epidermal pavement cells

what is the venation in dicots vs monocots

reticulate in dicots, parallel in most monocots

what is the midrib

largest vein along the long axis of the leaf which forms a ridge on the abaxial side

what is the bundle sheath

layers of compact cells around the veins

what is kranz anatomy

a wreath like arrangement of photosynthetic cells around the veins in leaves which creates a bundle sheath and creates a low O2 environment due to being surrounded by a layer of mesophyll cells, it is characteristic of C4 plants

what is the palisade layer of leaves

it is made up of tightly packed columnar cells that contain chloroplasts and are the main spot for photosynthesis