Lecture 4 - Developing Through Lifespans (Pt. 1)

Question 1

What is conception?

Answer 1

The sperm and egg unite to bring genetic material together to form one organism: the zygote

Question 2

What is the first stage of prenatal development?

Answer 2

The zygote stage

Question 3

What is the zygote stage?

Answer 3

After the nuclei of egg and the sperm fuse, the cell divides multiple times

Question 4

How long does the zygote stage take?

Answer 4

10-14 weeks

Question 5

What is the second stage of prenatal development?

Answer 5

Implantation

Question 6

What is implantation?

Answer 6

The multicellular cluster implants on the uterine wall

Question 7

What is the milestone of implantation?

Answer 7

Differentiated cells develop into organs and bones

Question 8

How long does implantation take?

Answer 8

2-8 weeks

Question 9

What is the third stage of prenatal development?

Answer 9

Fetal

Question 10

When does the fetal stage occur?

Answer 10

At 9 weeks

Question 11

What is the milestone of the fetus?

Answer 11

By 6 months, fetus may be able to survive out of the womb

Question 12

What are the dangers of prenatal development?

Answer 12

Teratogens and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 13

What are teratogens?

Answer 13

Substances such as viruses and chemicals that can damage developing embryos or fetuses (“Monster Makers”)

Question 14

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Answer 14

Cognitive, behavioral, and body/brain structure abnormalities caused by exposure to alcohol in fetal stage

Question 15

What are inborn skills?

Answer 15

Reflexes (responses that are inborn and did not have to be learned)

Question 16

What is the rooting reflex?

Answer 16

When something touches a newborn’s cheek and infant turns towards the side with an open mouth

Question 17

Why do infants cry when hungry?

Answer 17

To motivate parents to end noise and feed them

Question 18

What is infancy?

Answer 18

Newborns growing into toddlers

Question 19

What is childhood?

Answer 19

Toddlers growing almost into teenagers

Question 20

What is maturation?

Answer 20

Changes that occur primarily because of the passage of time

Question 21

What is maturation in developmental psychology?

Answer 21

Biologically-driven growth and development enabling orderly (predictably sequential) changes in behavior

Question 22

What does maturation do in infancy and early childhood?

Answer 22

Affect brain and motor skills

Question 23

How does the brain develop in the womb?

Answer 23

The number of neurons grow by about 750,000 new cells per minute in the middle trimester

Question 24

How does the brain develop at birth?

Answer 24

The connections among neurons proliferate and, as we learn, we form more branches and neural networks

Question 25

How does the brain develop at infancy?

Answer 25

The growth in neural connections takes place initially in less complex parts of brain (brainstem and limbic system), as well as motor and sensory strips

Question 26

How does the brain develop at early childhood?

Answer 26

The neural connections proliferate in association areas, which enables advancements in frontal lobe (attention and behavior) and in thinking, memory, and language

Question 27

Where does maturation take place to enable the sequence?

Answer 27

The body and cerebellum

Question 28

What is infantile amnesia?

Answer 28

When the brain forms memories so differently that most people cannot recall memories for the first 3 years of life

Question 29

What is a 3 month old's learning capability?

Answer 29

They can learn (and recall a month later) that specific movements move specific mobiles

Question 30

What is cognition?

Answer 30

Mental activities that help us function

Question 31

Who is Jean Piaget?

Answer 31

A Swiss scientist who pioneered cognitive development

Question 32

When did Jean Piaget publish his first paper?

Answer 32

12 years old

Question 33

What did Jean Piaget study?

Answer 33

Studied children's errors in cognition to understand how they think differently from adults

Question 34

What is a schema?

Answer 34

A mental container we build to hold our experiences

Question 35

How do infants use schemas?

Answer 35

As an early tool to organize experiences when making sense of the world

Question 36

How is a schema assimilated?

Answer 36

By categorizing something new with a similar category

Question 37

How is a schema accomodated?

Answer 37

By differentiating similar categories and putting them both in a broader schema

Question 38

When does the first stage of cognitive development occur?

Answer 38

Birth to 2 years

Question 39

What is sensorimotor?

Answer 39

Experiencing the world through senses and actions

Question 40

When does the second stage of cognitive development occur?

Answer 40

2 - 6 years

Question 41

What is preoperational?

Answer 41

Representing things (schema) with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical learning

Question 42

When does the third stage of cognitive development occur?

Answer 42

7 - 11 years

Question 43

What is concrete operational?

Answer 43

Thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

Question 44

When does the fourth stage of cognitive development occur?

Answer 44

12 years - adulthood

Question 45

What is formal operational?

Answer 45

Abstract reasoning and logic

Question 46

Who was Lev Vygotsky an alternative to?

Answer 46

Jean Piaget

Question 47

What did Lev Vygotsky study?

Answer 47

Studied children but focused on how they learn in the context of social communication

Question 48

What did Lev Vygotsky learn regarding principle?

Answer 48

Children learn thinking skills by internalizing language from others and developing inner speech

Question 49

What did Lev Vygotsky use as a metaphor for development?

Answer 49

Building on a scaffold of mentoring, language, and cognitive support

Question 50

What is stranger anxiety?

Answer 50

When infants notice and fear new people at around 9 - 13 months

Question 51

What developments correlate with time in daycare?

Answer 51

Advanced thinking skills and increased aggression/defiance

Question 52

What is an attachment?

Answer 52

An emotional tie to another person

Question 53

What experiment tested different attachment variations?

Answer 53

The "Strange Situation Procedure" by Mary Ainsworth

Question 54

How does a secure attachment manifest?

Answer 54

The child feels distress when the mother leaves the room and seeks contact when she returns

Question 55

How does an insecure (resistant) attachment manifest?

Answer 55

The child clings to the mother, does not explore the environment, is loudly upset at her departure and continues to remain upset when she returns

Question 56

How does an insecure (avoidant) attachment manifest?

Answer 56

The child is seemingly indifferent to the mother's departure and return

Question 57

What is the pattern for secure attachment?

Answer 57

65% B, B1, B2 (easy), B3, B4 (hard)

Question 58

What is the pattern for avoidant attachment?

Answer 58

20% A, A1 (easy), A2 (hard)

Question 59

What is the pattern for resistant attachment?

Answer 59

10% C, C1, C2 (hard)

Question 60

What is the pattern for disorganized attachment?

Answer 60

5-10%

Question 61

What experiment did George, Kaplan, and Main conduct in 1985?

Answer 61

The adult attachment interview

Question 62

What is Erik Erikson's concept of basic trust?

Answer 62

That basic trust is established by relationships with early caregiver, which also extends into feelings of whether or not the world is trustworthy.