Lecture 7 - Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and removal of info and skills

Question 2

How do you know if memory is functioning?

Answer 2

Recall, recognition, and relearning

Question 3

What is recall?

Answer 3

Analogous to “fill-in-the-blanks”, retrieving info previously learned and unconsciously stored

Question 4

What is recognition?

Answer 4

A form of “multiple choice”, identifying which stimuli matches the stored info

Question 5

What is relearning?

Answer 5

A measure of how much less work it takes to learn info studied before, even if not recalling having seen the info before

Question 6

What are the stages of how memory works?

Answer 6

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 7

What is encoding?

Answer 7

The info gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored

Question 8

What is storage?

Answer 8

Info that is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

Question 9

What is retrieval?

Answer 9

Reactivating and recalling info and producing it in a form similar to what was encoded

Question 10

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

Answer 10

A model of memory formation

Question 11

What are the three memory storage systems in the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

Answer 11

The sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)

Question 12

What happens in the sensory register (SR)?

Answer 12

Stimuli are recorded by our senses and held briefly

Question 13

What happens in short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 13

Some info is processes and encoded through rehearsal

Question 14

What happens in long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 14

Info moves in and can be retrieved later

Question 15

What is automatic processing?

Answer 15

Some info goes straight from sensory experience into long-term memory

Question 16

What is working memory?

Answer 16

Info is held, not just to rehearse, but to process and integrate into long-term memory with new info coming from sensory memory

Question 17

What did George Miller claim about short-term memory?

Answer 17

We can hold from 5 - 9 info bits

Question 18

How much can the average person free from distraction remember?

Answer 18

7 digits, 6 letters, or five words

Question 19

What is effortful processing strategy?

Answer 19

A way to encode info into memory to keep from decaying and making it easier to retrieve

Question 20

What is chunking?

Answer 20

Organizing data into manageable units

Question 21

What is an mnemonic?

Answer 21

A memory trick that connects info to existing memory strengths such as memory or structure

Question 22

What are peg word systems?

Answer 22

A technique of visually associating new words with an existing list that is memorized along with numbers

Question 23

What is massed practice?

Answer 23

Cramming info all at once

Question 24

What is the testing effect?

Answer 24

Distributed practice includes testing to learn and retain more

Question 25

What is the generation effect?

Answer 25

Experiments to either generate Bird-R_ or given Bird-Robin

Question 26

What is deep/semantic processing?

Answer 26

Memorizing by focusing on the actual meanings of words

Question 27

What is shallow processing?

Answer 27

Memorizing the appearance or sounds of words

Question 28

What is the self-reference effect?

Answer 28

Relating material to ourselves, which aids encoding and retention

Question 29

Does long-term memory storage ever get full?

Answer 29

No, it gets more elaborately rewired

Question 30

What did Karl Lashley discover about memory?

Answer 30

Rats who learned a maze were able to retain parts of that memory

Question 31

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 31

The tendency, when learning info in a long list, to more likely recall first items and last items

Question 32

What is the primacy effect?

Answer 32

The cognitive bias to remember the first piece of information they encounter

Question 33

What is the recency effect?

Answer 33

The cognitive bias to remember the last piece of information they encounter

Question 34

What are explicit/declarative memories?

Answer 34

Facts and experiences that we consciously know and recall, acquired through effortful processing

Question 35

What are implicit memories?

Answer 35

Memories we are not fully aware of and don't declare, acquired through automatic processing

Question 36

What did the case of Henry Molaison reveal?

Answer 36

The brain and 2 track mind

Question 37

What part of Henry Molaison's brain was removed?

Answer 37

The hippocampus

Question 38

What happened to Henry Molaison after his surgery?

Answer 38

His seizures ended but he was unable to form new explicit memories

Question 39

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 39

The inability to form new long-term explicit memories

Question 40

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 40

The inability to retrieve past memories

Question 41

What did Tulving's model indicate?

Answer 41

Mental health and inner security may comes from the relationship between semantic memory and episodic memory

Question 42

What part of the brain increases memory-forming activities and engages frontal lobes to tag memories as important?

Answer 42

The amygdala

Question 43

What are the three parts of memory's web of associations?

Answer 43

Conceptual, contextual, and emotional

Question 44

What is priming?

Answer 44

When the thread of associations is triggered to bring us to a concept

Question 45

What is context-dependent memory?

Answer 45

A memory that is more easily retrieved when in the same context as when the memory is formed

Question 46

What is a state-dependent memory?

Answer 46

A memory that is tied to the emotional state that the memory was formed in

Question 47

What is mood-congruent memory?

Answer 47

The tendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with one's current mood

Question 48

What are memory errors?

Answer 48

When a memory is altered every time it is recalled and altered again when reconsolidating

Question 49

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 49

When an episodic memory is less accurately recalled because of post-event information

Question 50

Who were the original researchers of the misinformation effect?

Answer 50

Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer

Question 51

What are implanted memories?

Answer 51

When a false memory is told enough that the person believes it is real

Question 52

What is source amnesia/misattribution?

Answer 52

Forgetting where a memory came from and attributing the source to own experience