A & P 2 > Lecture 4: Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

The endocrine system work with the nervous system to handle what 2 responsibilities

A
  1. Homeostasis

2. Feedback mechanisms

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2
Q

What is a key difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A
  • Nervous system is fast acting and reacting

- Endocrine system slow but long lasting response

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands and their primary functions (3)

A
  • units of secretion

- to create, release and distribute hormones

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4
Q

What are the 6 endocrine glands

A
  1. Pineal body or gland (a.k.a epiphysis)
  2. Pituitary (a.k.a. hypophysis)
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Thymus
  6. Adrenal
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5
Q

What are the endocrine tissues and organs

A
  • partly hormonopoietic

- they have the capacity to create hormones but that is not their primary function

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6
Q

Name the 10 endocrine organs

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Ovaries
  3. Testicles
  4. Kidneys
  5. Stomach
  6. Adipose tissue
  7. Small intestine
  8. Skin
  9. Heart
  10. Placenta
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7
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

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8
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce

A
  • estrogen

- progestrone

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9
Q

What hormones do the testicles produce

A

-testosterone

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10
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce

A

-erythropoietin

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11
Q

What hormones does the stomach produce

A
  • gastrin

- serotonin

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12
Q

What hormones does adipose tissue produce

A

-leptin

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13
Q

What hormones does the small intestine produce

A
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin
  • gastrin
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14
Q

What hormones does the skin produce

A

-cholecalciferol (inactive form of vitamin D)

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15
Q

What hormones does the heart produce

A

-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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16
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce

A
  • estrogen
  • progestrone
  • hCG
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17
Q

What is a neuroendocrine organ

A

-translator or interface of the two systems

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18
Q

What is the 1 neuroendocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

What are the 2 ways to classify hormones

A
  • function

- structure

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20
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of hormones

A
  1. tropic hormones (target other endocrine glands)
  2. sex hormones (target reproductive tissues)
  3. anabolic hormones (stimulate anabolism)
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21
Q

What are the 2 structural classifications of hormones

A
  • steroid

- nonsteroid

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of nonsteroid structures of hormones

A
  • protein
  • peptide
  • amino acid derivative
  • glycoprotein
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23
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism

A
  • the target cell has a receptor specific for the hormone that affects it
  • each hormone attaches to a specific receptor
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24
Q

What is signal transduction principle

A
  • the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to it’s interior
  • different hormone, different effects
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25
What is the principle of synergism
-occurs when 2 or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified
26
what is the principle of permissiveness
-the situation in which a hormone cannot exert its full effects w/o the presence of another hormone
27
What is the principle of antagonism
- pairs of hormones that have the opposite effects
28
What two ways can hormones be soluble
water or by lipid
29
what are the 2 mechanism that hormones can be transported through
1. receptor mediated transport | 2. diffusion
30
What is receptor mediated transport
- Proteins on the outside of the cell membrane are receiptors to allow hormones to produce their effect on cell - hormones cannot enter cell alone as water soluble molecules cannot penetrate the mebrane very well - energy is required - most hormones are transported this way
31
What is an example of receptor mediated transport
hormone derived from amino acids
32
What is the transport mechanism diffusion
- membrane primarily made up of fats - makes it easy for lipids to pass through freely - they have a direct action on genes (no additional signaling steps) - based on chemistry: molecules that are alike dissolve each other (solubility)
33
What is an example of the diffusion hormone transport
-steroid hormones (synthesized from cholestrol)
34
What are the 3 ways to promote endocrine hormone release
1. ion concentration (altered levels of critical hormones) 2. action potential (caused by neural input) 3. hormones (hormone release caused by another hormone that's a-tropoic)
35
What is target cell regulation
-a target cell responds to a hormone bcs it bears receptors for the hormone. -sensitivity is dependant on # of receptors -hormone receptors must be broken down on receptor to end effect up-regulation vs down-regulation
36
What are the 3 subgroups of eicosanoids
1. prostaglandins 2. thromboxanes 3. Leukotrienes
37
What are 2 characteristics of eicosanoids
- rapidly metabolized, do not circulate far | - work on a cellular level
38
What are Prostaglandins
- 16 diff PGs total & 9 classes (A - I) | - many involved w/ cAMP cycle (secondary messenger cycle)
39
What are 3 examples of prostaglandins
- PGA (decrease BP -> increase in regional flow in heart and kidneys - PGE (platelet aggregation & RBC shape, role in inflammation response) - PGF (involved w/ uterine contractions, peristalsis)
40
What are Thromboxanes
-synthesized by platelets, involved w/ clotting
41
What are Leukotrienes
Involved w/ immune responses
42
What is the other name for neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary
43
Where are hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus stored
in posterior pituitary
44
What are the 2 nuclei of the hypothalamus that produce hormones
1. Supraoptic nucleus (antidiuretic ADH or vasopressin) | 2. paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin)
45
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of the posterior pituitary
- AKA vasopressin - maintains water balance via water retention in kidneys - stimulates contraction of small arterioles
46
What is oxytocin (stored in posterior pituitary)
2 primary roles: - stimulation of uterine muscles - ejection of milk frm mammary glands * important for bonding btw mother and child
47
What is the Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary
48
What are the 5 distinct types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary
1. Somatotrophs (growth hormone GH) 2. Lactotrophs (prolactin PRL) 3. Corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH) 4. Thyrotrophs (thyroid stimulating hormone TSH) 5. Gonadotrophs (follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, luteinizing LH)
49
What is the growth hormone / somatotroph (in anterior pituitary)
- promotes growth via insulin-like growth factor 1 (IFG-1), frm liver - increases amino acid transport into cells - stimulates protein anabolism - stimulates metabolism of fat
50
What is prolactin (PRL) (in anterior pituitary)
-initiation of milk secretion
51
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (in anterior pituitary)(ACTH)
-promotes development of adrenal glands and secretion of cortisol
52
What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone-TSH (in anterior pituitary)
- promotes growth of thyroid | - stimulates production of thyroid hormone
53
What is Follicle-stimulating hormone -FSH (in anterior pituitary)
- stimulates primary follicles to mature - causes synthesis of estrogen - development of seminiferous tubules & spermatogenesis in males
54
What is Luteinizing hormone - LH (in anterior pituitary)
- stimulates corpus luteum (yellow body) - releases progesterone - stimulates testes development in males & testosterone production
55
What are the hormones generated and released in the hypothalamus (7)
- Gn-rh: gonadotropin releasing hormone - Growth hormone releasing hormone - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone - TRH: Thyroid releasing hormone - PRH: Prolactin releasing hormone - Pih: Prolactin inhibiting hormone - CRH: Corticotropin releasing hormone
56
Where do the hormones go after released from anterior and posterior pituitary
the target organ
57
What happens when there is hyposecretion of GH
-child: pituitary dwarfism
58
What happens when there is hypersecretion of GH
gigantism: normal proportion | - acromegaly (adult): irreversible thickening of bone in hands, face, skin
59
What happens when there is hyposecretion of TSH
- child: cretinism / menatally retarded | - adult: myxedema-edema of face and extremities
60
what happens when there is hypersecretion of TSH
- graves' disease (autoimmune exophtalmos) | - Hashimoto (autoimmune, goiter)
61
What happens when there is hyposecretion of ACTH
-addison disease(life threatening, weakness, anorexia, dehydration, nausea, circulatory shock)
62
What happens when there is hyposecretion of ADH
diabetes insipidus: excretion of large quantities of diluted urine
63
What happens when there is hypersecretion of ADH
- syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion - retention H2O - headache - weight gain
64
Where is the thyroid gland
- seated on the larynx | - bounded (superiorly) by thyroid cartilage and (inferiorly) by the trachea
65
What are the 3 hormones in the thyroid gland
1. T3 (triiodothyronine) 2. T4 (tetraiodothyronine) / Thyroxine - secreted by follicular cells, collectively known as thyroid hormone 3. Calcitonin ( secreated by parafollicular)
66
What is the function of the thyroid hormones T4 and calcitonin
thyroid hormone: metabolism and growth Calcitonin: -regulation of circulating calcium -calcium deposits for bone
67
What are the functions of the thyroid gland
- controls metabolism (weight + or -) - regulates damaged and dying cell replacement - affects HR - affects temp and temp regulation - affects the strength of muscles
68
What are the effects of hypothyroidism (long list so just a few)
- hair loss - apathy - lethargy - dry skin (coarse and scaly) - muscle aches & weakness - constipation - intolerance to cold - receding hairline - facial & eyelid edema - dull blank expression - extreme fatigue - thick tongue - slow speech - anorexia - brittle nails and hair - menstrual disturbances - late stage: (subnorm temp, bradycardia, weight gain, decr. LOC, thickened skin, cardiac complications)
69
What are some affects of hyperthyroidism (long list so just a few)
- intolerance to heat - fine straight hair - bulging eyes - facial flushing - enlarged thyroid - tachycardia - increased systolic BP - breast enlargement - weight loss - muscle wasting - localized edema - finger clubbing - tremors - increased diarrhea - menstrual changes (amenorrhea)
70
Where is the parathyroid gland
- -on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland | - embedded within the thyroid gland
71
What 3 areas do the hormones released from parathyroid target
- skeleton - kidney - intestine
72
What is the function of the parathyroid
Principal cells secrete parathyroid hormone - PTH | -activated when Calcium is in low concentrations in the blood
73
What is the effect of hyperparathyroidism
leaching of bone Ca2+ = spontaneous fractures | hypercalcemia gives lethargy, constipation, possible coma
74
What is the effect of hypoparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia (rare), increased phophorus | =increased excitability of neurons and muscle cells, muscle spasms, convulsions
75
Where is the adrenal gland
- lies on the superior aspect of the kidneys | - broken down into 2 regions
76
What are the 2 regions of the adrenal glands
1. adrenal cortex | 2. adrenal medulla
77
What are the 3 zones of the addrenal cortex
1. zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids ex.Aldosterone) 2. zona fasciculate (glucocorticoids ex.Cortisol) 3. zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids ex.testosterone & estrogens)
78
Characteristics of the adrenal medulla
- under the control of the sympathetic nervous system | - secretes catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline)
79
What is glucocorticoid activity most commonly associated with
the release of stress hormone Cortisol
80
What is the principal metabolic effect of glucocorticoid activity
gluconeogenesis - formation of glucose frm noncarbohydrate molecules (ex. amino acids, glycerol) - elevated cortisol suppresses immune system
81
What is Cushing disease
-disease of excess cortisol | = persistent hyperglycemia, HTN, edema, buffalo hump (fat in neck), fragile skin, muscle weakness
82
What are the 3 main catecholamines
- epinephrine (adrenaline) - norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - dopamine
83
what happens when there is hypersecretion of catecholamines
- increased metabolism - increased cardiac frequency - hyperglycemia - palpations - nervousness - HTN - diaphoresis
84
what happens when there is hyposecretion of catecholamines
-inability to handle stress
85
What is the specialized cell of the Pineal gland
Pinealocytes
86
what are Pinealocytes responsible for
the secretion of melatonin
87
What is melatonin
- implicated w/ biological clock - sleep & wake cycle - hallucinations (DMT) - potent antioxidant - cancer therapeutic - body has many receptors for it
88
What suppresses melatonin
bright (blue) light | - so highest activity happens in darkness
89
What are the special secretory cells of the thymus
thymocytes
90
Thymocytes are responsible for the production and release of what 5 diff hormones
1. prothymosin 2. Thymosin 3. Thymopoietin 4. Thymulin 5. Thymic humoral factor
91
What is the function of the thymus hormones (3)
- favor the proliferation & maturation of T-lymphocytes (innate immunity) - maintain & balance other lymph tissues - involved in differentiation of B cells to plasma cells for antibody production (memory & diversity)
92
Where is the pancreas located
-long, flat gland that lies horizontally behind stomach
93
what 2 systems does pancre
endocrine and digestive
94
The endocrine portion of the pancrease is made up of what?
islets langerhans
95
What are the 5 types of cells of islets langerhans
1. Alpha (secrete glucagon) 2. Beta (secrete insulin) 3. Delta (secrete somatostatin; involved in regulating the pancreas) 4. Epsilon (secrete ghrelin, induce appetite \; slows metabolism) 5. PP cells (secrete pancreatic polypeptide, role in digestive sys.)
96
What is hypoglycemia
low BG (blood glucose/ blood sugar)
97
what are signs/ symptoms of hypoglycemia
- sweating - mood changes - blurred vision - trembling - dizziness - hunger - H/A - extreme tiredness & weakness
98
What are signs / symptoms of hyperglycemia
- dry mouth - freq. urge to urinate - freq. bed wetting - xtreme thirst - drowsiness - stomach pain
99
What is Diabetes Mellitus
- absence, insufficient, inefficient quantity of insulin - Glucose not absorbed by cells leading to hyperglycemia - cells enter starvation mode - leading to breakdown of glycogen and lipids, production of glucose - can lead to Glycosuria
100
What is glycosuria
sweet smelling urine
101
What is type 1 diabetes
no insulin
102
what is type 2 diabetes
less insulin and insulin resistance
103
what is gestational diabetes
high glucose levels in mom - brings extra glucose to baby - causes baby to put on extra weight
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