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MSK > Lecture 4 - Lumbar Spine > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Lumbar Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral column

A 
5 cervical vertebrae 
12 thoracic vertebrae 
5 lumbar vertebrae 
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae
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2
Q

Single separate vertebrae capable of individual movement

A

C1-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5

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3
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Less mobile as joined by by the ribs to the sternum

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4
Q

Fused vertebrae

A

Sacrum

Coccyx

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5
Q

Kyphotic curvature

A

Thoracic and sacral
Anteriorly concave
Develop during foetal period

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6
Q

Lordotic curvature

A

Cervical and lumbar
Anteriorly concave
Develop during childhood - lifting the head and sitting

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7
Q

Why do vertebral bodies increase in size inferiority

A

Compression forces increase

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8
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

Fused
Widened
Anteriorly concave
Transmits the weight of the body through the pelvis to the legs

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9
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. Supports the weight of the skull, pelvis, upper limbs and thoracic cage
  2. Protects the spinal cord and the cauda equina
  3. Posture
  4. Locomotion
  5. Haematopoiesis - bone marrow
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10
Q

Components of a vertebrae

A 
1 spinal process
2 transverse processes 
2 superior articular processes (facets)
2 inferior articular processes (facets)
1 vertebral body 
1 Vertebral foramen
2 Lamina
1 vertebral notch 
1 vertebral arch
2 pedicels
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11
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Contains
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Meninges

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12
Q

Vertebral body

A

10% cortical bone

90% cancellous bone - reduces weight
Permits haematopoiesis

Major load bearing structure of the spinal column

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13
Q

Vertebral end plates

A

Superior and inferior articular surfaces

Covered in hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Link adjacent vertebral bodies

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15
Q

Posterior elements

A

All structures posterior to vertebral body

1/3 of the upright posture load is carried

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16
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Protective gunnel in which the spinal cord runs

Made up of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae

17
Q

Lamina

A

Connect the transverse processes to the spinous processes

18
Q

Pedicles

A

Connect the transverse processes to the ventral body

19
Q

Which structures provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments

A

Spinous

Transverse

20
Q

Inferior articular facets

A

Project caudally (down)

21
Q

Superior articular facets

A

Project cephalically (up)

22
Q

Inferior and superior articular facets

A

Articulate with adjacent vertebrae - provides a mobile facet joint (synovial) - zygapophyseal joint

Concave - produce vertebral notch

Vertebral notch can form intervertebral foramen

23
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Allows passage of of the spinal nerves from the spinal canal to the periphery

24
Q

Flexion and rotation in cervical vertebra

A

45 degrees to the axial in the coronal plane

Flexion - nodding
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation

25
Q

Thoracic vertebrae flexion and rotation

A

60 degrees to axial plane

20 degrees to coronal plane

26
Q

Lumbar flexion and rotation

A

90 degrees to axial

45 degrees to coronal

27
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

25% of the length of the vertebral column

70% water
20% collagen
10% proteoglycans

Strong in axial compression
Less strong under tangential loading

Therefore important to keep spine straight while lifting heavy loads

28
Q

2 regions of the intervertebral discs

A

Nucleus pulposus (central)

Annulus fibrosus (peripheral)

The nucleus pulposus is surrounded entirely by the annulus fibrosus

29
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A

Shock absorber of the spine - resilient to axial compression (top to bottom)

Stronger than vertebral body
Avascular
Anueral

Comprises:

  • lamellae of annular bands of collagen in varying orientations
  • outer lamellae - type 1 collagen (fibrous)
  • inner lamellae- fibrocartilaginous
30
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Remnants of the embryonic notochord

Gelatinous
Type 2 collagen
High oncotic pressure

Decreases in height:

  • during the day as water is squeezed out due to mechanical pressure
  • with age

Becomes more posteriorly located in adults

31
Q

How much weight is transmitted through the vertebral body and facet joints when young?

A

80% of the body weight - vertebral body

20% - facet joints

32
Q

What proportion of a persons body weight is transmitted through the vertebral body and facet joints as we age?

A

Vertebral bodies - 65%
Facet joints - 35%

Increased load on facet joints causes osteoarthritis changes

MSK (28 decks)

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