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323 - anatomy > lecture 4: meninges and ventricles > Flashcards

lecture 4: meninges and ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

how many meninges

A

3

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2
Q

what are the 3 meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

which meninges is most superficial

A

dura

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4
Q

which meninges is the tough mother

A

dura mater

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5
Q

true or false: meninges are membranes

A

true

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6
Q

true or false: the outmost layer of meninges is pip mater

A

false, dura mater

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7
Q

describe dura matr

A

dense, fibrous

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8
Q

true or false, there is no vascularature in the dura mater

A

true

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9
Q

in the cranium, is there 1 or 2 layers of the dura mater

A

2

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10
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater in the craniu

A

periosteal
meningeal

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11
Q

which dural layer is deeper: periosteum or meningeal

A

meningeal

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12
Q

true or false and explain: in both the cranium and the spinal cord, there are.2 layers of the dura mater

A

false, only 2 layers in the cranium

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13
Q

what is the middle meninge

A

arachnoid mater

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14
Q

which meninges has vasculature

A

arachnoid matter

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15
Q

describe the arachnoid mater

A

delicate, impermeable membrane on inner surface of dura matter

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16
Q

what do the trabecular in the arachnoid matter form

A

the subarachnoid space

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17
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with

A

cerebrospinal fluid (and vasculature

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18
Q

which layer is considered tender mother

A

pia mater

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19
Q

describe the pip mater

A

single layer of cells covering the surface of the brain and spinal cord (stuck onto the brain)

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20
Q

true or false: pia mater follows the sulci and gyri of the brain

A

true

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21
Q

what are the REAL spaces in the cranial meninges

A

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid matter and pip mater)

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22
Q

where is the subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid mater and pip mater)

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23
Q

true or false: in cranial meninges, the epidural is considered a real space

A

false, a potential space

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24
Q

what are the POTENTIAL spaces in the cranial meninges

A

epidural space (between periostea dura mater and skull)

subdural space (between meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater)

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25
Q

where is the epidural space located

A

(between periostea dura mater and skull)

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26
Q

where is the subdural space located

A

between meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater)

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27
Q

why are epidural and subdural spaces considered potential spaces

A

because under normal circumstances there should not be space (only if there is a problem is there space)

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28
Q

where is the dural venous sinus located

A

between 2 dural layers

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29
Q

what are arachnoid granulations

A

projections of arachnoid mater that pierce the meningeal dura mater and project into dural sinuses

=channels enclosed between periostea and miningeal layers of dura

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30
Q

what is the function of the arachnoid

A

allows css to go into venous drainage

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31
Q

what are the REAL spaces in the spinal meninges

A

epidural space (between dura mater and bone)

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater)

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32
Q

what is a potential space in cranial meninges but a real space in spinal meninges

A

epidural space

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33
Q

what is the epidural space filled with in then spinal meninges

A

with adipose tissue and internal vertebral plexus

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34
Q

true or false: in both the cranial and spinal meninges, the subarachnoid space contains CSf and vasculature

A

true

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35
Q

what is the potential space in the spinal meninges

A

subdural space (between dura mater and arachnoid)

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36
Q

why is there no periosteal layer in spinal dura mater

A

since the dura matter is not adhered to the bone

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37
Q

what does the meninge in the spinal nerve blend with

A

epineurium

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38
Q

what are the lateral extensions of the pia mater between spinal nerves

A

denticulate ligaments

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39
Q

what is the caudal projection of the pia mater

A

filum terminal

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40
Q

true or false, the filum terminal is covered in dura mater

A

true

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41
Q

what is the function of denticulate ligaments and filum terminal

A

anchor the spinal cord within the spinal column

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42
Q

what are the 4 dural reflections

A

falx cerebri
fax cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
diaphragm sell

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43
Q

what two dural reflections are in the mid sagital plane

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli

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44
Q

what is a dural reflection

A

meningeal layer separates from periostea layer, folds on itself to fill space and then comes back

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45
Q

where is the falx cerebri located

A

between cerebral hemispheres

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46
Q

where does the falx cerebri attach

A

at the crest galli and extends to internal occipital protuberance

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47
Q

where is the falx cerebelli located

A

between cerebellar hemispheres

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48
Q

true or false: the falx cerebi is located between cerebellar hemispheres

A

false, located between cerebral hemispheres

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49
Q

what plane does the tentorium cerebelli lie in

A

transverse

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50
Q

where is the tentorium cerebelli located

A

between cerebrum and cerebellum

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51
Q

which dural reflection is located bw cerebral hemis

A

falx cerebri

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52
Q

which dural reflection is located between cerebellar hemis

A

falx cerebelli

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53
Q

which dural reflection is located between cerebrum and cerebellum

A

tentorium cerebelli

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54
Q

what is the diaphragma sellae

A

circular sheet suspended bw clinoid processes covering pitit (lid for sella turcica)

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55
Q

do venous sinuses have valves

A

no
movement can be directional (blood can back flow which can be bad for infections)

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56
Q

what are the venous sinuses

A

superior sagittal
inferior sagital
straight sinus
occipital sinus
cavernous sinus
sup and inf petrosal sinus
confluence of sinus
transvers and sigmoid sinus

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57
Q

where is the superior saggital sinus attached

A

outer border of falx cerebri

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58
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus attached

A

inner (free border) border of falx cerebri

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59
Q

what sinus is located at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

A

straight sinus

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60
Q

what sinus is located at the outer border of the falx cerebri

A

superior sagittal

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61
Q

what sinus is located at the free border of the flax cerebri

A

inferior saggiata

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62
Q

what sinus is located ay the outer (attached) border of falx cerebelli

A

occipital sinus

63
Q

where is the occipital sinus located

A

outer (attached) border of flax cerebelli

64
Q

WHERE do the transverse and sigmoid sinus drain

A

internal jugular vein

65
Q

where do transverse and sigmoid sinus go

A

form deep grooves on interior surfaces of occipital, parietal and temporal bones

66
Q

what is the cavernous sinus

A

venous plexus on either side of the sella turcica

67
Q

which sinus is located on either side of the sella turcica

A

cavernous sinus

68
Q

where do the superior pretosal sinus drain

A

drain into sigmoid s

69
Q

where does inferior petrosal sinus drain

A

internal jugar vein

70
Q

be able to locate venous sinuses and where they all drain

A

/

71
Q

why is cavernous sinus important

A

numerous neurovasvulare structures located within

72
Q

what are the structures that pass thru cavernous sinus

A

occulomotor
trochlear
ophthalmic
maxillary
abducents

optic chiasm

internal carotid artey

73
Q

with an epidural hematoma, is the bleed venous or arterial in original

A

arterial

74
Q

what is epidural hematoma caused by

A

damage to branches of the middle meningeal artery (embedded on outside dural mater)

75
Q

what is the primary blood supply to the dura

A

branches of middle meningeal artery

76
Q

explain epidural hematoma

A

often caused by head injury
pooling blood separates periostea dura from inside of skull

77
Q

are subdural hematomas arterial or venous in origin

A

venous

78
Q

what is another name for subdural hematoma

A

dural border hematoma

79
Q

subdural hematoma is caused by damage to what structures

A

damage to bridging veins that drain into dural sinuses

80
Q

explain subdural hematoma

A

pooling blood separates arachnoid mater from meningeal dura (subdural space)

81
Q

pooling blood separates arachnoid mater from meningeal dura

which hematoma

A

subdural

82
Q

pooling blood separates periostea dura from inside of skull

which hematoma

A

epidural hematoma

83
Q

damage to middle meningeal a is associated with what hematoma

A

epidural

84
Q

damage to bridging veins is associated with what hematoma

A

subdural

85
Q

a subarachnoid bleed is arterial or venous in original

A

arterial

86
Q

subarachnoid hematoma is caused by damage to what

A

cranial vasculature or rupture of saccular aneurysm

87
Q

cranial vasculature or rupture of saccular aneurysm is associated with what hematoma

A

subarachnoid

88
Q

where does blood collect in subarachnoid hematoma

A

blood and css collects along with CSF in existing subarachnoid space

89
Q

true or false: epidural hematomas do not typically cross suture lines

A

true

90
Q

why is it that epidural hematomas do not typically cross suture lines

A

since dura mater is tightly adhered

91
Q

what shape do epidural hematomas form and why

A

biconvex (lemon) shape because since dura mater is tightly adhered so does not cross suture lines

92
Q

true or false: subdural hematomas are restricted by suture lines

A

false

93
Q

what shape are subdural hematomas and why

A

crescent (banana) because subdural hematomas are not restricted by skull sutures

94
Q

what can increased intracranial pressure cause

A

herniation of cerebral/cerebellar tissue
space occupaying lesions (tumours, extra cranial bleeds)

95
Q

what is a subfalcine hernia

A

cerebral tissue herniates to contralateral side under flax cerebri

96
Q

cerebral tissue herniates to contralateral side under flax cerebri is associated to what hernia

A

subfalcinec

97
Q

in subfalcine hernia, where does cerebral tissue herniates to

A

contralateral side under flax cerebri

98
Q

what is a central or uncle hernia

A

deep cerebral tissue (central) or portion of temporal lobe (uncal) herniate through tentorial notch

99
Q

deep cerebral tissue () or portion of temporal lobe () herniate through tectorial notch is associated to what hernia

A

central or uncle

100
Q

in central or uncal hernia, where does tissue herniate through

A

through tectorial notch

101
Q

what is a tonsillar hernia

A

ventral portion of cerebellar tissue (cerebellar tonsil) herniates through foramen magnum

102
Q

ventral portion of cerebellar tissue () herniates through foramen magnum is associated with what hernia

A

tonsillar hernia

103
Q

in tonsillar hernia, where does tissue herniate through

A

foramen magnum

104
Q

why are many headaches believed to be dural in origin

A

due to sensitivity of dura mater to stretching and pain
=distension of meningeal vessels
=distension of scalp
=reduction in CSF volume

105
Q

supratentorial dura mater is innervated by what

A

afferent meningeal branches of the trigeminal nerve

106
Q

CSF is continuous produced from blood plasma by which cells

A

ependymal cells covering choroid plexus in all ventricles

107
Q

ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions which create what

A

blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

108
Q

what is function of blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

prevents anything other than CSF from coming in ventricles

109
Q

what are the 3 main several functions of CSF

A

protection and support
maintenance of homeostasis
transport of nutrients

110
Q

explain how CSF acts as protection and support

A

Wchanical shock absorption
Immune protection
Lessends weight of the brain

111
Q

What are some ways that the csf maintains homeostasis

A

Removes waste
Maintains osmotic pressure
Temperature control

112
Q

Why are arachnoid granulation’s important

A

We produce a lot of CSF so we need arachnoid granulation’s to reabsrop and prevent build up

113
Q

Why do we have ventricles (embryoligic)

A

CNS developed as a hollow tube
Ventricles are derivatives of the lumen

114
Q

What is the location of csf production

A

Ventricles

115
Q

True or false: ventricles are normally filled with blood

A

False, with csf

116
Q

What’s are the ventricles

A

Lateral (2)
Third ventricle
4th ventricle

117
Q

What is the name of the ventricle that are in each cerebral hemisphere

A

Lateral

118
Q

The lateral ventricles are part of which part of the brain

A

Telencephalon

119
Q

The lateral ventricles cover what lobes

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

120
Q

The 3rd ventricle is in what part of the brain

A

Diencephalon

121
Q

What ventricle is the midline structure between each diencephakon on each side

A

3rd

122
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located

A

Between cerebellum and brain stem

123
Q

Which ventricle is located between cerebellum and brainstorm

A

4th ventricle

124
Q

What structures connect the lateral to third ventricles

A

Interventricular foramina

125
Q

True of false: the intraventicular foramina connect the 3 and 4 ventricle,

A

False connects the lateral to third

126
Q

The cerebral aqueduct is located in what part of the brain

A

Messncephalon

127
Q

What structure connects the 3 to 4 ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

128
Q

True or false: the cerebral aqueduct connects the 3 to 4 ventricle s

A

True

129
Q

Where is the central canal locat3

A

Spinal cord

130
Q

How many lateral apertatures do we have

A

2

131
Q

What structure connects the 4 ventricle to the subsarachnoid space

A

Median and lateral aperatures

132
Q

What is the function of the median and lateral aperaturs

A

Connect the 4 ventricle to the subarachnoid space

133
Q

what are the 4 parts of the lateral ventricles

A

Anterior horn
Inferior horn
Posterior horn
Body

134
Q

The inferior horn of the lateral ventricles is located in what lobe

A

Temporal

135
Q

The anterior horns of lateral ventricles are divided by a thin membrane called the blank

A

Septum pellucidum

136
Q

True of false, the septum pellucidum separates the 3rd ventricle from the 4th

A

False, separates the 2 anterior horns of the lateral

137
Q

What are the walls of the 3rd ventricle formed by

A

By diencephalon on each side

138
Q

What does the shape of the 3rd ventricle follow

A

Follows the space created between the two thalami and hypothalamic

139
Q

The hole is the third ventricle allows what

A

Allows massa intermedia to connect thalami

140
Q

The 4th ventricle is continuous with what

A

Central canal and subarachnoid space

141
Q

The 3 aperatures of the 4th ventricles drain csf to where

A

Into subarachnoid space surrounding brain brain stem and spinal cord

142
Q

True or false: the cerebral aqueduct is in the mid brain

A

True

143
Q

Continuous production of cerebrospinal fluid necessitates what

A

continuous reabsorption / drainage

144
Q

True or false: flow of csf is unidirectional

A

False

145
Q

What are the two main pathways of csf fluid drainage

A

1) Drainage into dural venous sinuses, facilitated by arachnoid
granulations (primarily in superior sagittal sinus, but located
throughout cranial & spinal meninges)
2. Drainage along sheaths of cranial and spinal nerves to
surrounding lymphatic vessels (e.g., along olfactory nerves through foramina of cribriform plate)

146
Q

Drainage of csf into Dural venous sinuses is facilitated by what

A

Arachnoid granulations

147
Q

Where are arachnoid granulation’s located

A

Superior sagital sinus (main)
But also throughput cranial and spinal meninges

148
Q

True or false : hydro cephalon can be congenital or acquired

A

True

149
Q

What is Latin translation of hydrocephalus

A

Water head

150
Q

What is hydrocephalus associated with

A

abnormal Accumulation of csf

151
Q

What are the two categories of hydrocephalus

A

• Non-communicating: CSF flow is blocked (e.g., in one of the narrow connections between ventricles)
• Communicating: CSF flow remains unrestricted in
ventricles and into subarachnoid spaceà overproduction or failure to drain

152
Q

Explain non communicating hydrocephalus

A

• Non-communicating: CSF flow is blocked (e.g., in one of the narrow connections between ventricles)

153
Q

Explain communicating hydrocephalus

A

• Communicating: CSF flow remains unrestricted in
ventricles and into subarachnoid spaceà overproduction or failure to drain

154
Q

What is treatment of hydrocephalus

A

Treatment may involve a catheter used to drain CSF into another body cavity (e.g., ventriculo-peritoneal shunt)

323 - anatomy (18 decks)

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