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323 - anatomy > lecture 12: cerebellum > Flashcards

lecture 12: cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

which of these basal nuclei is th primary output nucleus i the motor pathways
a) thalamus
b)GPi
c) GPe
d) sub thalamic nuc

A

b) GPi

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2
Q

a 33 year old patient experienced a right sided icshcmic stroke to vasculature of the substantia niga
-what artery affected

A

posterior cerebral

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3
Q

what are some important structures of the posterior view of cerebellum

A

anterior cerebellar notch
posterior cerebellar notch
vermis
primary fissure
horizontal fissure

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4
Q

anterior cerebellar notch is near what aspect of the rbaisntem

A

pons

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5
Q

what is wider, the anterior or posterior cerebellar notch

A

sntrtiot

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6
Q

what are the folds of the cerebellum called

A

folia

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7
Q

what does the primary fissure divided

A

between the anterior and posterior lobes

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8
Q

what is the division within the posterior lobe called

A

horizontal fissure

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9
Q

be able to recognize anterior vs posturio lobe on the posterior aspect of the cerebellum

A
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10
Q

what is the middle bump of the cerebellum called

A

vermis

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11
Q

falx cerebelli is located in what notch

A

[psoterior cerebellar notch

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12
Q

what are some important srrcuture features of cerebellum on anterior side

A

vermis
floculus
tonsil
nodule (of vermis)
horizontal fissure (posteriolateeral fissure)

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13
Q

true or false: you can see the flocular lobe from the posterior side

A

false, anteriorr

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14
Q

what is the space under the cerebellar peduncles and above the nodule of verse called

A

4th ventricle

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15
Q

the horizontal fissure becomes what on the anterior side

A

posterolateral fissure

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16
Q

when the most inferior and anterior part of the vermis rounds out, what is it called

A

nodule (of vermis)

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17
Q

the flocculondular lobe involves what structures on the anterior side

A

2 flocculi and the nodule

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18
Q

what are the 3 lobes on the anterior cerebellar

A

anterior
psoterior
flocullonodullar lobe

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19
Q

be able to locate the lobes on the anterior cerebellum

A
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20
Q

the 3 cerebellar peduncles connected the cerebellum to what structure

A

brain stemp

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21
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to what

A

midbrain

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22
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to what

A

pons

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23
Q

infeerior cerebellar peduncle connects cerebellum to what

A

medulla

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24
Q

what are the 3 cerebellar artries of the vertebrobasilar system that supply blood to the cerebllum

A

superior cerebellar
anterior inferior cerebellar
posterior inferior cereberllar

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25
Q

what aspect does the superior cerebellar a supply

A

the entire superior aspects anterior and posteriors

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26
Q

what aspect does the posterior inferior cerebellar a supply

A

most inferior aspect with larger perfusion posteriorly

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27
Q

what aspect does the anterior inferior cerebellar a supply

A

middle section ops anterior surface (including cerebral peduncles and flocculi)

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28
Q

be able to understand/identidy blood supply regions of cerebellum

A
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29
Q

what are the 4 important output nuclei of the cerebellum

A

dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus

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30
Q

which of these is most lateral in the cerebellum

dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus

A

denticulate

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31
Q

which of these is most medial in the cerebellum
dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus

A

fastigial

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32
Q

order these from lateral to medial

dentate nucleus
fastigial nucleus
globose nucleus
emboli form nucleus

A

dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus

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33
Q

what is the mnenmoinic for output nuclei of the cerebellum

A

dont eat greasy food (lateral to medial)

(dentate nucleus
emboli form nucleus
globose nucleus
fastigial nucleus)

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34
Q

what are the 2 interposed nuclei

A

emboliform nuc
globose niuc

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35
Q

what is the intracerebellar white matter called

A

arbor vitae

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36
Q

be able to locate the output nuclei of cerebellum on the cross section

A
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37
Q

what ventricle is ventral top the cerebellum

A

4th

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38
Q

most cerebellar input pathways involve what fibers

A

mossy fibers

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39
Q

how do mossy fibers communicate with purkinje fibers

A

indirectly via granule cells

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40
Q

true or false: mossy fibers community directly with purkinje fibers

A

false, indirectly via granule cells

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41
Q

where do purkinje fibers project

A

to deep cerebellar output nuclei

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42
Q

most cerebellar input pathways involves mossy fibers communicate info from where

A

cerebral cortex
spinal cord
vestibular nuclei

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43
Q

mossy fibres communicate indirectly with purkinje, which fibers community directly with them>

A

climbing fibers

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44
Q

true or false: climbing fibers communicate directly with purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular level

A

true

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45
Q

climbing fibers communicate directly with purkinje cell dendrites in the BLANK level

A

MOLECULAR

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46
Q

what are climbing fibers

A

they are terminal fibers of the spino-olivocerebellar pathways (signals from spinal cord via inferior olivary nuclei to the inferior cerebellar peduncle)

-comunicate directly with pukingke

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47
Q

what is the pruspoe of the functional systems of the cerebellum

A

influences motor systems by evaluating disparities between intention (motor output) and action (sensory feedback)

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48
Q

example how the cerebellum influences motor systems by evaluating disparities between intention (motor output) and action (sensory feedback)

A

it adjusts disparities by altering motor output of brainstem nucleus and motor cortex while a movement in in progress

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49
Q

how does cerebellum adjust disparties between intention and action

A

alter motor output of brainstem nuclei and motor cortex while a movement is in progress

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50
Q

lesions to the cerebellum result in contralateral or ipsilatel ataxia

A

iplateral

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51
Q

true or false: lesions to the cerebellum result in contralateral ataxia

A

false, ipsilateral

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52
Q

do the cerebellum and basal nuclei lesions result is the same side or opposite side deficits

A

opposite
cerebellum -ipsi
basal- contra

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53
Q

the cerebellum is fucntionnaly divided into how many systems

A

3

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54
Q

what are the 3 functional and phylogenetic systems of the cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum
spin-cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum

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55
Q

vestibulocerebellum
spin-cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum

which is the oldest

A

vestibulocerebellum

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56
Q

vestibulocerebellum
spin-cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum

which is the newest

A

cerebrocerebellum

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57
Q

true or false: the vestibulocerebllum is the only out of the 3 systems that involve 1 lobe

A

true (flocculate)

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58
Q

the vestibulocerellum system consists primary of what lobe

A

flocculonodular lobe

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59
Q

true or false: the vestibulocerellum system consists primary of the flocculonodular lobe

A

true

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60
Q

what is the phylogenetically oldest part of the cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebllum

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61
Q

what is the function of the the vestibulocerellum

A

stability, balance, posture, head and eye movements (stabilizing images on the retina)

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62
Q

stability, balance, posture, head and eye movements (stabilizing images on the retina)

what system

A

vestibulocerebellar

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63
Q

what is the cerebellar output nuclei of the vestibulocerebellum

A

fastigial nuclei

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64
Q

fastigial nuclei is associated with what system

A

vestibulocerebellum

alsothe spinocerebellar for info from trunk and head

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65
Q

what are the major associated structures of the vestibulocerebrellum system

A

1) vestibular nuclei (input from vestibular apparatus)
2) reticular formation
3) vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts)

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66
Q

what is the general pathway of the vestibulocerebellum system

A

1) vestibular apparatus (via CN 8)
2) ipsilateral vestibular nuclei (in midbrain rostrally)
3) inferior cerebellar peduncle
4) flocculonoldular lobe
5) fastigial nucleus
6) inferior cerebellar peduncle
7) bilateral vestibular nuclei and reticular formation (via fastigial-vestivular and fastigual-reticular fibers)
8) vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts

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67
Q

info enters vestibular apparatus via what cranial n

A

cranial n 8

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68
Q

which peduncle is associated with the vestibulocerebellar pathway

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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69
Q

what fossa does the cerebellum sit in

A

posterior cerebellum

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70
Q

what seperatures the cerebellum from cerebrum (Dural reflection)

A

tentorium cerebrullum)

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71
Q

what is function of folia of cerebellum

A

increase surface area

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72
Q

true or false, the deep cerebellar nuclei only get connections via the purkinje fibres

A

false, they get inhibitory connections via the purkinje

they get excitatory connections via the fibers direct. (mossy and climbing)

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73
Q

do the vestibellar, cerebrocerebellar and spinocereballr use mossy or climbing

A

mossy

74
Q

vestibulocerebellar system gets information coming from where

A

inner eat

75
Q

information coming from the vestibular apparatus is carried via what cranial n

A

cranial n VIII (8) = vestibular n

76
Q

information coming from vestibular appareatus via CN8 synapses where in the VC pathway

A

in the ipsilateral vestibular nuclei

77
Q

where is the vestibular nuclei located

A

in the medulla (rostral)

78
Q

information coming from the is-lateral vestibular nuclei of the VC pathway enters the ipsialtereal cerebellum via what peduncle

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

79
Q

from ipsilateral vestibular nuclei in the medulla, wheredo the fibers go

A

1) to floculonodular node (via vestibulocerebellar fibers)
to get to fastigial nucleus

80
Q

what is the deep cerebellar nucleus associated with the vestibulocerebllar pathways

A

fastigial

81
Q

in VC pathway, information exists the cerebellum from fastigial nucleus through what peduncle

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

82
Q

in VC pathway, information exists the cerebellum from fastigial nucleus to the inferior peduncle via what two types of fibers

A

1) fastigial-vestivular fiebrs

2) fastigial-reticular fibers

83
Q

what are the two locations that fibers go to after the fastigial nucleus

A

1) bilateral vestibular nuclei (via fastigial vestibular fibers)

2) bilateral reticular formation (via fastigia-reticular fibers)

84
Q

in the VC pathway, after synapsing with the bilateral vestibular nuclei, where does the pathway go

A

go down via vestibulospinal tracts

85
Q

in the VC pathway, after synapsing with the bilateral reticular nuclei, where does the pathway go

A

go down reticulospinal tracts

86
Q

be able to redraw vestibulocereballar pathway

A

.

87
Q

true or false: in the VC pathwayy the fastigual vebstivualr and reticular fibers go to bilateral strucures

A

true

88
Q

true or false: i the VC pathway, information coming fro the vestibular apparatus goes to bilateral vestibular nucleis

A

false only to ipsilateral

89
Q

the spinocerebellar pathways consists of what functional zonse

A

vermis (excluding nodule) and intermediate/paravermal zones

90
Q

what is the phylogenetically second oldest part of the cerebeullum

A

spinocerebellum (evolved with quadrupedal movement)

91
Q

what is the paleocerebellum

A

spinocerebellum

92
Q

what is the function of the spinocerebeullar pathways

A

trunk and limb movements
involved in locomotion and maniniting muscle tone (proprioceptive patjhways)

93
Q

what is the cerebellar output nuclei of the spinoccerebeullum

A

fastrigial nucleus (trunk)
globose and emboli form nuclei (limbs)

94
Q

what are the other associated structures of the spinocerebellar pathway

A

spinocerebellar tracts/pathways
red nuclei
rubrospinal tract
thalamus (ventral lateral nucleu)

95
Q

in the somatotropin organization of the spinocerebellum, what is the vermis associated w

A

centre of body (trunk, head, neck)

96
Q

in the somatotropin organization of the spin-cerebellum, the centre of body (trunk, head, neck) is associated with what zone

A

vermis

97
Q

in the somatotropin organization of the spin-cerebellum, the limbs are associated with what zone

A

paravermal zones

98
Q

in the somatotropin organization of the spin-cerebellum, what is the paravermal zones associated with

A

limbs

99
Q

what is the general pathway for the spinocerebeullum pathway

A

1) proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tracts)

2) inferior or superior cerebellar peduncle (depending on pathway)
**dorsal and cuneo=info
**rostral and ventral= sup

3) vernmis (head/trunk) and paravermis (limbs) = spinocerebellum

4) interposed and fastigual nuclei

5) superior cerebellar peduncle

6) contralateral red nucleus and thalamus (interpositorubrothalamic fibers)

7) rubrospinal tract and motor cortex

100
Q

where does the information for the spinocerebellum come from

A

proprioceptors (spinocerebellar tracts)

101
Q

how does information from proprioceptors enter the cerebellum for the SC pathway

A

inferior or superior cerebellar peduncle

102
Q

the inferior cerebellar peduncle is associated with what spinocerebllar tracts

A

dorsal and cuneo

103
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncle is associated with what spinocerebllar tracts

A

ventral and rostral

104
Q

where do primary sensory neurons synapse in spinocerebellar pathway

A

either in nucleus dorsals, accessory nucleus cuenatus in medulla or in spinal border cells)

105
Q

after synapsing with the nucleus dorsals, spinal border cells etc, information travels via secondary neurons that form what tracts in the SC pathway

A

spinocerebellar tracts

106
Q

what are the two ways the spinocereballar tracts can enter the cerebellum

A

superior or inferior cerebellar peduncles

107
Q

the spinocerebellar fibers (mossy) of the SC pathway can directly activate what nuclei

A

fastigial and interposed nuclei

108
Q

the spinocerebellar fibers (mossy) of the SC pathway can indirectly inhibits the fastigial and interposed nuclei via what cells

A

granule and purkingje

109
Q

the spinocereballr fibers that connect with purkinje fibers are located in what area of the cerebeullum

A

vermis (head and trunk) and paravermis (limbs) = in the spinocerebellum

110
Q

fibers coming from the fastigial and interposed nuclei exit the cerebellum via what peduncle

A

superior cerebellar pentacle

111
Q

fibers coming from the fastigial and interposed nuclei exit the cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle and go to two locations, what are they

A

1) contralateral red nucleus
2) contralateral thalamus (ventral lateral)

112
Q

fibers coming from the fastigial and interposed nuclei exit the cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle and go to contralateral red nucleus and thalamus via what fibers

A

interpositorubrothalamic fibers

113
Q

if the fibers coming from superior cerebellar peduncle in SC pathway go to the contralateral red nucleus, what tract does it go to

A

rubrospinal tract (ipsilateral to original cerebellum since they decussate)

114
Q

if the fibers coming from superior cerebellar peduncle in SC pathway go to the contralateral thalamus, what tract does it go to

A

go to motor cortex via thalamocortical fibers

115
Q

if the spinocerebellum synapses with the motor cortex via the thalamocortical fibers, does the info stop there

A

no , the corticospinal fibers will project it back down the spinal cord

116
Q

be able to draw the spinocerebllar pathway

A
117
Q

the cerebrocerebellum consists of what major areas/lobes

A

consists of lateral cerebellar hemispheres (primarly posterior lobe)

118
Q

the cerebrocerebellum is primary in what lobe

A

posterior

119
Q

what is the phylogenetically newest part of the cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebeullum (neocerebellum)

120
Q

what is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

coordination of skilled, assymetri movements of the limbs (hand eye), speech, cognitive functions

121
Q

what is the cerebellar output nuclei of the cerebrocerebeullum

A

dentate

122
Q

what are the other associated structures of the cerebroserebrall pathway

A

cerebral cortex
deep pontin nuclei
thalamus (ventral lateral nucleus)

123
Q

what is the general pathway of the cerebrocerebellum

A

1) cerebral cortex (esp motor)

2) ipsilateral deep pontine nuc (via corticopontine fibers)

3) decussate (via transverse pontocerebellar fibers)

4) middle cerebellar peduncle

5) lateral cerebellar hemi (cerebrocerebellum)

6) dentate nucleus

7) superior cerebellar peduncle

8) contralateral thalamus (VL) and red nucleus (dentotrubrothalamic fibers)

9) motor cortex and rubrospinal tract

124
Q

where does information from the CC pathway come from

A

cerebral cortex (esp motor)

125
Q

information from the motor cortex in the CC goes down to the deep ipsilateral pontine nuclei via what fibers)

A

corticopointine fibers

126
Q

information from the deep ipsilateral pontine nuclei in the CC decussates to contralateral side via what fibers

A

transverse pontocerebellar fibers

127
Q

what peduncle does info from the cerebrocerebellum enter (via transverse pontocerebellar fibres)

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

128
Q

what is the only cerebellar pathway that uses the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

cerebrocerebellumi

129
Q

info carried by transverse pontocerebellar fibers entering the middle cerebellar peduncles in the CC pathway can synapse directly with what deep cerebellar output nuclei

A

dentate

130
Q

info carried by transverse pontocerebellar fibers entering the middle cerebellar peduncles in the CC pathway can synapse indirectly with dentate nuclei via what cells

A

purkinje and granule

131
Q

where is the dentate nucleus located

A

lateral cerebellar hemispheres (cerebrocerebellim

132
Q

information goes from the dentate nucleus exits the cerebellum via what pentacle

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

133
Q

information goes from the dentate nucleus exits the cerebellum via what fibers

A

dentatorubrothalamic fibers

134
Q

what are the two locations information can go to after synapsing with the dentate nucleus in the CC pathway

A

contralateral thalamic or red nuclei (via dentatorubrothalamic fibers)

135
Q

what are the two final pathways/locations of the CC pathway

A

1) motor cortex
2) rubrospinal tract

136
Q

information going from the thalamus to the cortex is carried by what fibers

A

thalamocortical fibers

137
Q

information going from the red nucleus downwards is carried by what fibers

A

rubrospinal fibers

138
Q

be able to draw the cerebrocerebellar pathways

A
139
Q

what is the only cerebellar pathway with no connection to the cortex

A

vestibulocerebellar

140
Q

disease or damage to the cerebellar affect what of voluntary movements

A

spatial accuracy and timing of voluntary movements =ipsialteral ataxia

141
Q

cerebellar damage affects spatial accuracy and timing of BLANK

A

voluntary movements =ipsialteral ataxia

142
Q

cerebellar lesions leads to ipsilateral or contralateral ataxia

A

ipsilateral

143
Q

what are the range of symptoms for cerebellar lesions

A

dysmetria
dysdiadochokineasia
intention tremors
postrual/gait instability
nystagmus
hypotonia
dysarthria

144
Q

explain dysmetria

A

wrong lennght
=miscalculation of trajectory to a target (under of overshooting)

145
Q

wrong lennght
=miscalculation of trajectory to a target (under of overshooting)

what’s the nake

A

dysmetria

146
Q

what is dysdiadochokinesia

A

difficulty performing repetitive movements

147
Q

difficulty performing repetitive movements is called what

A

dysdiadochokinesia

148
Q

what are intention tremors

A

involuntary, rhythmic contractions during purposeful movement

149
Q
A
150
Q

involuntary, rhythmic contractions during purposeful movement

is what

A

intention tremors

151
Q

difficulty ttanding and or walking is called what

A

postural and gait instability

152
Q

what is nystagmus

A

involuntary, rhythmic eye movements

153
Q

involuntary, rhythmic eye movements is called what

A

nystagmus

154
Q

what is hypotonia q

A

decreased muscle tone, resistance to passive movement

155
Q

decreased muscle tone, resistance to passive movement is called what

A

hypotonia

156
Q

what is dysarthria

A

uncoordinated speech

157
Q

uncoordinated speech is called what

A

dysarthria

158
Q

what is anterior lobe syndrome

A

gait ataxia due to inability to process proprioceptive infromnation from limbs

159
Q

gait ataxia due to inability to process proprioceptive infromnation from limbs is associated with what syndrom

A

anterior lobe symrone

160
Q

give an example of a transient anterior lobe syndomr

A

ethanol induced gait ataxia
=toxicity to purkinje fibers, especially in anterior lobe

161
Q

what is flocculonodular lobe syndrome and midline cerebellar lesions

A

truncal ataxia due to instability of imbalance of axial musculature, swaying, wide based stance, nystagmus (vestibuloocoular pathways)

162
Q

truncal ataxia due to instability of imbalance of axial musculature, swaying, wide based stance, nystagmus (vestibuloocoular pathways)

is what lesion/syndrom

A

flocculonodular lobe syndrome and midline cerebellar lesions

163
Q

what is posterior lobe syndome or lesions to cerebrocerebellar

A

deficits in hand-eye coordination, dysmetria, diadiadochokineas, dysarthria, fine movemetns

164
Q

deficits in hand-eye coordination, dysmetria, diadiadochokineas, dysarthria, fine movemetns is assocaited with what syndrome/lesion

A

posterior lobe syndrome or cerebrocerebllar pathways

165
Q

what is an example of a posterior lobe syndrom

A

demyleinating disorders, midbrain infarcts

166
Q

what cerebellar pathways use the ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

A

cerebrocerebellar
spinocerebellar

167
Q

what is the only cerebellar pathway that does not communicate with the thalamus

A

vestibulocerebellar

168
Q

the cerebrocerebellar communicates with what two major nucleui

outside the crerebellum

A

thalamus (ventral lateral) and red nucleus

169
Q

the spinocerebellar communicates with what two major nucleui

outside the cerebellum

A

thalamus (ventral lateral) and red nucleus)

170
Q

the vestibulocerebellar pathways communicates with what two major nucleui

outsidethe crebellum

A

reticular formation and vestibular nuclei

171
Q

information from inner ear goes to what pathway to enter cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum (via vestibular nuclei)

172
Q

information from unconcious proprioception goes tot what pathway to enter the cerebellum

A

spinocerebellum

173
Q

information from motor cortex goes to what pathway to enter cerebellum

A

cerebrocerebellum

174
Q

what are the two important nuclei of the thalamus for the basal nuclei pathway

A

ventral anterior and ventral lateral

175
Q

what are the afferent fibers that form the superior cerebellar peduncles

A

ventralspinocerebellar fibers
rostral spinocerebellar fibers

176
Q

what are the efferent fibers that form the superior cerebellar peduncles

A

interpositorubrothalamic fibers
dentatorubrothalamic fibers

177
Q

what are the afferent fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncles

A

transverse pontocerebellar fibers

178
Q

what are the efferent fibers that form the middle cerebellar peduncles

A

none

179
Q

true or false, the middle cerebellar peduncles are formed by both efferent and afferent tracts

A

false, no efferent onyl afferent

180
Q

what are the afferent fibers that form the inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

dorsal spinocerebellar fibers
cuneospinocerebellar fibers
vestibulocerebellar fibers
olivocerebellar fibers

181
Q

what are the efferent fibers that form the inferior cerebellar peduncles

A

fastrigial-vestibualr fibers
fastigual-reticular fibers

323 - anatomy (18 decks)

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