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323 - anatomy > lecture 13: autonomic ns > Flashcards

lecture 13: autonomic ns Flashcards

1
Q

this deep cerebellar nucleus is involved in coordinating the most basic./fundemental aspect of balance and upright posture

A

fastigial mucleis

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2
Q

through which structure do afferent signals to the lateral cerebellar hemispheres pass

A

middle cerebellar peduncles

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3
Q

through which structure to afferent signals to the floculonodular lobe pass

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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4
Q

through which structure to afferent signals to the vermel and paranormals lobe pass

A

superior or inferior cerebellar peduncle

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5
Q

through which structure to efferent signals out of floculonodular lobe pass

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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6
Q

through which structure do efferent signals out of vermal and paravermal lobes pass

A

superior cerebellar

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7
Q

through which structure to efferent signals out of lateral hemispheres of posterior lobe pass

A

superior cerebellar

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8
Q

short pre and long post is para or sympa

A

symp

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9
Q

intramural ganglio in target organs or tissues is para or sympa

A

para

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10
Q

craniosacrail outflow is para or symp

A

para

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11
Q

adrenergic fibers are from para or sympa system

A

sympa

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12
Q

cervical ganglia is sympa or para

A

sympa

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13
Q

increase HR and bloodd pressure is sympa or para

A

sympa

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14
Q

increases secretion of lacrimal, salivary and digestive juices is para or sympa

A

para

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15
Q

does para or sympa innervate blood vessels

A

sympa

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16
Q

which is most active if you are sleeping in hammock, para or sympa

A

para

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17
Q

PNS is broadly divided into what

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary=visceral)

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18
Q

where are cell bodies of LMN in somatic system

A

anterior horn

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19
Q

doe the somatic PNS release acetylcholinne or norepinephrine at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACH

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20
Q

what does the somatic ns inner (what type of muscle)

A

skeletal

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21
Q

true or false: in the somatic there is a single axon that goes from CNS to periphere

A

true

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22
Q

true or false: in the visceral there is a single axon that goes from CNS to periphere

A

false, it is a 2 neuron pathways

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23
Q

where are the cell bodies located in autonomic ns (general, what part of SC)

A

lateral horn

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24
Q

are preganglionic neurons of the ANS myelinated for not

A

myleniated

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25
Q

are postgnaglionic neurons of the ANS myelinated for not

A

not

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26
Q

are axons of the somatic NS myelinated for not

A

myelinated

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27
Q

what does the ANS innervate

A

innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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28
Q

what does the preganglionic neuron release at the autonomic ganglion in the ANS

A

ach

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29
Q

what does the postganglioninc neuron release at the muscle in the ANS

A

ACH or NE

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30
Q

true or false: postganglioninc neuron releases only Act at the muscle in the ANS

A

false, or NE

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31
Q

what NT is released at the autonomic ganglion in the ANS

A

ach

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32
Q

true or false, there are cell bodies for the Ans in the ventral horn

A

false

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33
Q

where are the cell bodies located for the sympathetic ns (spinal location and levels)

A

from T1-l2 in lateral horns

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34
Q

where are the cell bodies located for the parasympathetic ns (spinal location and levels)

A

s2-s4 in lateral horns

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35
Q

true or false, cell bodies for ANS are ONLY located in the lateral horns

A

false, there is also some cell bodies in brainstem nuclei

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36
Q

which of these two is unmyleniated: pre or post ganglionic

A

post

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37
Q

true or false: there are two divisions of the ANS that go to mostly the same targets

A

true

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38
Q

what is the general function of the sympathetic (saying)

A

fight or flight

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39
Q

what is the general function of the para (saying)

A

rest and digest

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40
Q

short pre and long post is associated with parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

sympathetic

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41
Q

long pre and short post is associated with parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

parasympathci

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42
Q

true or false: in the sympathtic NS, the first synapse of the preganglionic to post ganglionic happens near the target organ,

A

false, near the CNS

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43
Q

what are the 2 NT of the sympathetic system

A

Ach
NE

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44
Q

what is the 1 NT of the parasympathetic system

A

ach

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45
Q

true or false, i the parasympathetic, the only NT involved in norepinephrine

A

false, only ACH

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46
Q

in what system of the ANS does the synapse happen close to the target organ

A

parasymp

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47
Q

what is the NT released from the post ganglionic cell to the target tissue in sympathetic

A

NE

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48
Q

what is the NT released from the post ganglionic cell to the target tissue in parasympathetic

A

Ach

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49
Q

what is the NT released from the pre ganglionic cell to the post ganglinonc e in sympathetic

A

ach

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50
Q

what is the NT released from the pre ganglionic cell to the post ganglinonc e in parasympathetic

A

ach

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51
Q

true or false: the ANS(parasym division) is a cholinergic sysem

A

true

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52
Q

what is another name for sympathetic outflow

A

thoracolumbar outfow

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53
Q

thoracolumbar outfow is from what spinal levels

A

t1-l2

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54
Q

The axons of the preganglionic neurons that leave the spinal cord continue their path into the chain as BLANK

A

white rami communicantes

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55
Q

white rami communicants get info from pre or post ganglionic neurons

A

pre

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56
Q

white rami communicants get info from myelinated or unmeylinated fibers

A

myelinated

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57
Q

where do most of the synapses of the sympathetic NS happen

A

in the paravertebral ganglion (in the sympathetic chain)

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58
Q

what are the two main locations for synapse in the sympathetic ns

A

in the paravertebral ganglion (in the sympathetic chain)

in the pre vertebral ganglion

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59
Q

what is the sympathetic trunk

A

interconnected sympathetic ganglia adjacent to the spinal cord

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60
Q

are the paravertebral or pre vertebral ganglion closer to the SC

A

paravertebral

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61
Q

what are the ganglion not part of the sympathetic chain called

A

collateral ganglia (pre vertebral ganglion)

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62
Q

true or false, less synapses happen in the collateral ganglion (most is in the paravertebral)

A

true

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63
Q

what are the 3 important prevertberla ganglion

A

celiac ganglion
superior mesenteric ganglion
inferior mesenteric ganglion

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64
Q

what does the celiac ganglion supply (general)

A

foregut

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65
Q

what does the superior mesenteric c ganglion supply (general)

A

midgut

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66
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric c ganglion supply (general)

A

hindgut

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67
Q

these:
celiac ganglion
superior mesenteric ganglion
inferior mesenteric ganglion
are associated with what nerves

A

splanchnic nerves

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68
Q

what are the two weird exceptions of the sympathetic NS

A

the splanchnic nerves (very long preganglion)

adrenal medulla (does not have a post ganglionic n)

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69
Q

explain how the adrenal medulla innervation is an exception to the sympathetic NS

A

it gets direct innervation from preganglionic sympathetic NS

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70
Q

true or false, the thalamus gets direct innervation from preganglionic sympathetic NS

A

false, the adrenal medulla

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71
Q

what are the 2 reasons the adrenal direct innervation from preganglionic sympathetic NS

A

1) the adrenal medulla produces its own NE (takes over the role of a post ganglionic)

2) derived from same tissue embryologically as the post ganglionic n)

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72
Q

preganglionic n enter thru grey or white communicants

A

white

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73
Q

postagnglionic n exit thru grey or white communicants

A

grey

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74
Q

is grey communicants associated with myelinated or unmyelinated fibers

A

unmylenated

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75
Q

is grey communicants associated with pre or post ganglionic fibers

A

post

76
Q

true or false and give an example or explain

just because info comes from a certain spinal level, does not mean it will synapse at that level

A

true,
ex: synaptic innervation to some components of the eye, it will pass thru all the way up to superior cervical ganglion before synapsing

77
Q

what is another name for parasympathetic outflow

A

craniosacral outflow

78
Q

what spinal levels is craniosacral outflow from

A

brainstem and s2-s4

79
Q

is the brainstem associated with parasympathetic division or sympathtic

A

para

80
Q

what are the two ganglia associated with the para system

A

cranial ganglia in the head/neck (associated with cranial n(

visceral ganglia (near or within target organs/tissues)

81
Q

where is visceral ganglia located

A

near or within target organs/tissue

82
Q

what is the mnemonic for some of the prim functions of the parasymp

A

SLUDD

salivation
lacrimation
urination
digestion
defacation

83
Q

true or false; all organs/tissues receive both types of ANS input

A

false, there are some organs/tissues that are only receiving one type

84
Q

what are some structures/organs/tissues that only receive innervation from sympathetic

A

cutaneous structures (blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles

radial eye muscle (dilate pupil)

85
Q

pupil dilation is only associated with para or sympa

A

symp

86
Q

cutaneous structures (blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles is only associated with sympa or para

A

sympa

87
Q

what are some structures/organs/tissues that only receive innervation from parasympathetic

A

circular/sphincter muscle (constrict pupil_

88
Q

circular/sphincter muscle (constrict pupil_ is associated with sympa or para

A

para

89
Q

true or false: radial muscles and circular/sphincter muscles are only innervated by sympathetic ns

A

false: radial = sympa
circulatr=para

90
Q

what muscle dilates pupil

A

radial

91
Q

what muscle constricts pupil

A

circular

92
Q

multiple connections, widespread influence is sympa or para

A

sympa

93
Q

explain the number and spread of connections of the sympa system

A

multiple connections, widespread influence is sympa or para

94
Q

one or two connections, locations actions is para or sympa

A

para

95
Q

explain the number and spread of connections of the para system

A

one or two connections, localized actions is para or sympa

96
Q

true or false: one or two connections, localized actions is parasympathetic

A

true

97
Q

in addition to somatic innervation the skin has what other type of innervation

A

sympathetic cutaneous innervation

98
Q

is skin innervation sympathetic or para

A

sympathetic

99
Q

how are the ways to regulate body temperature thru autonomic control

A

sweat gland stem (symp)
arrestor pili stimulation (symp)
vasoconstriction (opposite effect everywhere else on the body ex: skeletal where blood vessels dilate)

100
Q

true or false, in the skin, there is vasodilation to regulate body temp

A

false, vasoconstrictor

101
Q

what is raynauds

A

excessive vasoconstriction in extremities (often in response to cold temperatures)

102
Q

true or false: raynauds is excessive vasodilation in extremities (often in response to cold temperatures)

A

false, vasoconstriction

103
Q

since autonomic nervous system is involuntary control, there is no descending control from higher brain centers

A

false, there is descending hypothalamic control

104
Q

what are the 3 major pathways connecting the hypothalamus to other central autonomic network structures involved in regulation symp or para outflow

A

1) dorsal longitudinal fasciulus
2) medial forebrain bundle
3) mammilotegmental tract

105
Q

what is the general general function of hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis

106
Q

what are the two decending hypothalamic control pathways that actually go down to spinal cord

A

dorsal longitudinal fasciulus
medial forebrain bundle

107
Q

what is the decending hypothalamic control pathway that doesn’t actually go down to spinal cord

A

mamillotegmental

108
Q

explain the connection of the dorsal longitudinal fascicles

A

direct connections of the hypothalamus down to the SC

109
Q

direct connections of the hypothalamus down to the SC is what descending hypothalamic pathways

A

dorsal longitudinal fasculcus

110
Q

explain the connection of the medial forebrain bundle

A

connection of the associated brainstem structures (not directly hypo) that project down to spinal cord

111
Q

connection of the associated brainstem structures (not directly hypo) that project down to spinal cord is what descending hypothalamic pathway

A

medial forebrain bundle

112
Q

explain the function of the mamillotegmental tract

A

contains the interconnections between the hypothalamus and other important brain stem nuclei/structures

113
Q

contains the interconnections between the hypothalamus and other important brain stem nuclei/structures is associated with what hypothalamic descending pathways

A

mammilotegmental tract

114
Q

do the pathways in the SC from the hypothalamus area have a diffuse (withoutt dinstinc tracts) or focused arrangement (with distinct tracts)

A

diffuse

115
Q

how do we get information about heart rate and blood pressure

A

from sensory input=
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in major arteries

116
Q

what are chemoreceptors for

A

receptors for dissolved gases in the blood

117
Q

heart is sympathetically innervated by what

A

preganglionic cells in the lateral horns of T1-t4-5

118
Q

what are the two medulla centres important for regulating BP and HR

A

cardioacceletaroy system
cardioinhibitory system

119
Q

cardioacceploratory center is associated wth para or sympathetic

A

sympathetic

120
Q

cardioinhibitory center is associated wth para or sympathetic

A

para

121
Q

where are the cardioinhibitory and cardioacceletory centres located

A

in medulla oblongated

122
Q

what provides parasympathetic cinneravmion of the heart

A

vagus n

123
Q

true or false, heart rate and bp is a visceral reflex

A

true

124
Q

what are the pacemakers of the heart

A

sinoatrial nodes and atrioventricular nodes

125
Q

would we release NE or acetylcholine at the sinoatrial and atrioventrical nodes if we wanted to increase HR

A

NE

126
Q

would we release NE or acetylcholine at the sinoatrial and atrioventrical nodes if we wanted to decreased HR

A

acetly

127
Q

explain the visceral response if you want to increase HR

A

1) you get sensory information that your BP or HR is too low

2) if decreased BP, send information to cardioacceletarory system

3) CA system sends its signals (descending control) to the lateral horns of t1-t4-5 for sympathetic innervation of the heart

4) preganglionic cells synapse with post ganglionic cells in the sympathetic ganglia (cervical and thoracic)

5) sympathetic info gets sent to the sinoatrial and atrioventrical nodes to increase the HR and BP

128
Q

explain the visceral response if you want to decrease HR

A

1) you get sensory information that your BP or HR is high low

2) if increased BP, send information to cardioinhibitory system

3) CI system sends its signals (descending control) to the vagus nucleus for parasympathetic innervation of the heart

4) vagus n cells synapse in cardiac plexus and send short post ganglionic cells

5) parasympathetic info gets sent to the sinoatrial and atrioventrical nodes to decrease the HR and BP

129
Q

what cranial n number is vagus

A

cranial n X (10)

130
Q

what are the types of innervation involved in micruition

A

somatic and visceral sensory
sympathetic
parasymp
somatic motor
central control (cortex, periaquecutal grey in midbrain, pointing micrution and storage s=centers)

131
Q

where is the periaqueducal grey lcoated

A

midbrain

132
Q

why is the periaqeuectal grey being involved in mictruition

A

is there is pain associated with peeing

133
Q

where are the pontine micrution and storage centers located

A

pons

134
Q

true or false, micruition is purely a visceral relgex

A

false, it is under autonomic control but we do have concious control and awareness of it q

135
Q

what is the important bladder muscles

A

detrusor

internal and external urethral sphincter

136
Q

why is the somatic motor innervation needed in micrution

A

for voluntary control over our external urethral scpincter

137
Q

is urine storage controlled by symp or parasymp

A

sympatehtic

138
Q

explain the somatic and visceral sensory information involved in urine storagae

A

stretch, pain and temperature from the detrusor muscle

139
Q

what are the 3 places that your somatic and visceral sensory send info to (general)

A

sacral region(for para)
thoracic and upper lumbar (for sympa)
and brain/cortex

140
Q

explain sympathetic innervation/ information involved in urine storage

A

=info coming from hypogastric n (t11-l2)
preganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglionic neurons in inferior mesenteritc ganglion

sympa is activtated during storage

detrusor muscle relaxes
internal urethral scpinther contracts

141
Q

sympathetic innervation for urine storage is sent via what nerves and where cell bodies located

A

via hypogastric n (t11-l2)

142
Q

in urine storage, is symp innervation up or down regulated

A

upregulated

143
Q

during urine storage, is NE or Act released to detrusor and internal urethral sphincter

A

NE (sympa)

144
Q

where do pre ganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglion neurons for sympathtic system in urine storage

A

in interior mesenteric ganglion

145
Q

during urine storage, does the detrusor muscle relax or contract

A

relaxes (to expand)

146
Q

during urine storage, does the internal urethral muscle relax or contract

A

contract

147
Q

explain parasympathetic innervation/ information involved in urine storage

A

=carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves
preganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglionic bergson in walls of bladder

inhibited during storage

148
Q

sympathetic innervation for urine storage is sent via what nerves

A

splanchnic n

149
Q

in urine storage, is parasymp innervation up or down regulated

A

downreg

150
Q

where do pre ganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglion neurons for parasympathtic system in urine storage

A

in walls of bladder

151
Q

somatic motor control of urine storage is done by what n

A

pudendal nerves

152
Q

true or false: sympathetic info for urine storage is sent by pudendal nerves

A

false,those are for somatic motor

sympa is by hypogastric n

153
Q

explain somatic motor aspect of urine storage

A

=via pedundal n

cell bodies in Onuf nucleus (s2-s4 anterior horns)
voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter

154
Q

where is the onuf nucleus

A

in s2-s4 anterior horns

155
Q

what is the function of somatic motor in urine storage

A

voluntary control og external urethral sphincter

156
Q

explain the central control of the urine storage

A

reinforces the activation of sympathtic innervation and inhibition of parasymp innervation

157
Q

true or false, during urine storage central control reinforces the activation of parasympathtic innervation and inhibition of symp innervation

A

false, oppositie

158
Q

be able to know control/pathway of urine storage

A
159
Q

mictrution is controlled by parasymp or symp innervation

A

parasymp

160
Q

explain the somatic and visceral sensory information involved in mictrutiion

A

stretch, pain and temperature from the detrusor muscle (stronger signals than for storage)

161
Q

explain sympathetic innervation/ information involved in micrutition

A

=info coming from hypogastric n (t11-l2)
preganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglionic neurons in inferior mesenteritc ganglion

sympa is INHIBITED during micrution

162
Q

sympathetic innervation for mictrution is sent via what nerves and where cell bodies located

A

hypogastric n (t11-l2)

163
Q

in mictrutuion, is symp innervation up or down regulated

A

down

164
Q

during micrution, is NE or Act released to detrusor and internal urethral sphincter

A

ach

165
Q

during micturition, does the detrusor muscle relax or contract

A

contracts

166
Q

during mictrutuon, does the internal urethral muscle relax or contract

A

relax

167
Q

explain parasympathetic innervation/ information involved in micrution

A

=carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves
preganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglionic bergson in walls of bladder

activated during mictrution

detrusor contracts
internal urethral relaxes

168
Q

if you have to pee really bad, is somatic motor control of bladder inhibited or actvitatied

A

inhibitied

169
Q

explain central control during micrution

A

reinforces the inhibition of sympathtic innervation and activation of parasymp innervation

170
Q

central control centre for micrution??

A

pontine micturition center

171
Q

what is the central control centre for storage??

A

pontine storage center

172
Q

what are the 3 types of urinate incontinence

A

atonic bladder
autonomic reflex bladder
autonomous bladder

173
Q

what type of bladder incotnience is associated with acute phase of spinal shock

A

atonic bladder

174
Q

what type of bladder is associated with recovered of spinal shock

A

autonomic reflex bladder

175
Q

explain atonic bladder

A

acute phase of spinal shock (lesion above s2)

detrusor muscle relaxed
internal sphincter contracted
external spinchter relaxed

=bladder becomes distended and eventually overflows

176
Q

xdetrusor muscle relaxed
internal sphincter contracted
external spinchter relaxed

=bladder becomes distended and eventually overflows

associated with what urinary incontinence

A

atonic

177
Q

atonic bladder is a lesion above what lesion

A

s2

178
Q

where is lesion for the automatic reflex bladder

A

above around s2

179
Q

explain automatic reflex bladder

A

after spinal shockk recovery
lesion above s2

same as incontinency in infancy
voluntary control of external spinchter is lost
bladder fills and empties reflexively (every 1-4 hours)

180
Q

same as incontinency in infancy
voluntary control of external spinchter is lost
bladder fills and empties reflexively (every 1-4 hours)

associated with what type of urinary incontinence

A

automatic reflex bladder

181
Q

“bladder doesn’t empty complete” is what urinary incontinence

A

atonic bladder

182
Q

“bladder has spasms at low urine volume” is what urinary incontinence

A

automatic reflex bladder

183
Q

explain autonomous bladder

A

lesion to sacral segment of spinal cord or caudal equine

no reflexive or voluntary control
detrusor is flaccid (becomes distended and eventually overflows)
bladder may be partially emptied with manual compression

184
Q

no reflexive or voluntary control
detrusor is flaccid (becomes distended and eventually overflows)
bladder may be partially emptied with manual compression

what urinary incontinence

A

autonomous bladder

185
Q

where is the lesion for autonous bladder

A

lesion to sacral segment of spinal cord or caudal equine

323 - anatomy (18 decks)

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