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HL10521 - Human Physiology > Lecture 4 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What is in the PNS

A

Composed of nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with muscles, glands and sense organs

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3
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers released from neurons in response to electrical signals

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4
Q

What are processes

A

Long extensions that connect neuron’s to each other (dendrites, axon etc…)

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5
Q

What Is the Soma

A

Cell body containing nucleus and ribosomes - protein synthesis

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6
Q

What are Dendrites

A

Branched outgrowths receive inputs

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7
Q

What are Dendritic Spines

A

Knob-like outgrowths
increase the surface area, contain ribosomes

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8
Q

What is the axon

A

Sometimes called the “nerve fiber”
is a long process extending from the soma that carries output to target cells

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9
Q

What is axon collateral

A

Signal that can go sideways

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10
Q

What is an axon terminal

A

End of the branch

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11
Q

What are Varicosities

A

bulging areas where
signal can be released

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12
Q

What is the range for an axon length

A

μm to > 1m
(eg. spinal cord down to toe)

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13
Q

What are neuron’s wrapped in?

A

Myelin

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14
Q

What is Myelin

A

20-200 layers of modified plasma membrane, speeding up transduction signalling

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15
Q

What is myelin made of in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

What is myelin made of in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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17
Q

What are the gaps in Myelin called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

What is axonal transport and its purpose

A

To maintain structure and function, organelles must move >1m between the soma and the
axon terminals

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19
Q

What is anterograde movement

A

Kinesins: from cell body to axon terminals (e.g., nutrients, neurotransmitter
filled vesicles)

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20
Q

What is Retrograde movement

A

Dyneins: axon terminals to cell body (e.g., recycled membrane vesicles, growth factors)

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21
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurons

A

Afferent, Efferent, Interneurons

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22
Q

What do afferent neurons do

A

Convey information from tissues/organs TOWARDS the CNS

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23
Q

What do efferent neutrons do

A

Convey information AWAY from the CNS to effector cells

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24
Q

What do interneurons do

A

Convey information WITHIN the CNS (>99% all neurone)

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25
What is a synapse
Anatomically specialised junction between neurons
26
What are nerves
Groups of afferent and efferent neutrons together with connective tissue and blood vessels
27
What do glial cells do
"glue", surround soma, axon, dendrites and provide physical and metabolic support
28
What types of glial cells are there
Astrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells
29
What do Astrocytes do
Regulate extracellular fluid by removing potassium and neurotransmitters - stimulate epithelial cells to form tight junctions: blood brain barrier
30
What do microglial cells do
- Specialised macrophage- like cells (remove pathogens, dead/damaged neurons)
31
What do Ependymal cells do
In fluid filled cavities, regulate flow of cerebrospinal fluid
32
What is the name for a group of axons traveling together in the CNS
Pathway or a tract
33
What is a commissure
If the group of axons links the right and left halves of the CNS
34
What are ganglia
The cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the PNS
35
What is a nerve
A group of many axons traveling together to and from the same general location in the peripheral nervous system (there are no nerves in the CNS)
36
What is the larger component of the forebrain
Cerebrum
37
What is the central core of the forebrain called
Diencephalon
38
Where is grey matter located
Outer shell of the cerebral cortex - giving brain a grey appearance
39
What is the inner layer of the cerebral cortex made from
White matter - myelinated fibre tracts
40
What do subcortical nuclei do
important role in movement/posture [basal nuclei most predominant]
41
What are corpus callosum
Each cortex area is separated by a deep longitudinal division, but are connected by a massive bundle of nerve fibers
42
What are brain ridges called
Gyri (gyrus si.)
43
What are brain grooves called
Sulci (sulcus si.)
44
What are the 2 types of cell in the cerebral cortex
Pyramidal cells (major output, excitation) Non-pyramidal cells (Major input cells, receive signals)
45
What are the 4 parts of the brain
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital Parietal
46
What are the Sections of the forebrain
Cerebrum and Diencephalon
47
What are the parts of the brainstem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
48
What are cerebral ventricles
The brain also contains four interconnected cavities which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
49
What does the diencephalon contain
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
50
What is the thalamus
Collection of several large nuclei Role of General arousal Controlling movement/posture Focusing Attention
51
What are nuclei
The cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the CNS
52
What is the Hypothalamus
1% of the brain mass Homeostatic regulation of internal environment
53
What does the Epithalamus do
Controls biological rhythms (via pineal gland - produces melatonin)
54
What are the roles of the hypothalamus
master command center for neural and endocrine coordination Behaviours having to do with preservation of the individual (e.g. eating and drinking) Behaviours to do with preservation of the species (e.g. reproduction)
55
Where does the Hypothalamus lie
Directly above and is connected to the pituitary gland
56
What dies the pituitary gland do
Master gland - controlling several hormones, including thyroid, adrenal, ovaries and testicles
57
What does the Cerebellum do
Cerebellum does not initiate voluntary movements: an important center for coordinating movements and for controlling posture and balance. receives information from the muscles and joints, skin, eyes and ears and the parts of the brain involved in control of movement
58
What does the brainstem do
It receives and integrates input from all regions of the central nervous system and is involved with - motor functions - cardiovascular, respiratory control, swallowing - regulates sleep, wakefulness and attention, eye movement
59
How is the brain protected
Cranium Meninges - Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater
60
What is the job of the meninges
1. Cover and protect the CNS 2. Protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses 3. Contain cerebrospinal fluid 4. Form partitions in the skull
61
What does Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do
protects and cushions the structures
62
What is the blood-brain barrier
A protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain. Capillaries are the least permeable in the body: a very selective barrier. Things that are highly lipid- soluble cross easily.
63
What are the Dorsal Horns (Spinal Cord)
Grey matter projecting toward the back of the body
64
What are ventral horns (spinal cord)
Grey matter oriented toward the front of the body
65
Where do afferent fibres arrive at the spinal cord enter from the peripheral nerves
Dorsal Roots (slide22)
66
Where do efferent fibres exit the spinal cord from
Ventral roots (slide22)
67
What nerves comprise the PMS
43 total pairs 12 pairs of Cranial (table 6-8 vanders) 31 pairs of spinal nerves (designated by vertebral levels where they exit
68
Where are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical neurones (control: muscles and glands, input: neck, shoulders, arms, hands) 12 Thoracic (chest and upper abdomen) 5 Lumbar (lower abdomen, hips, legs) 5 Sacral (genitals, Lower digestive tract) 1 Coccygeal (tail bone
69
What is the PNS separated into
Somatic and Autonomic nervous system
70
Somatic vs Autonomic
Slide 25
71
Parasympathetic vs sympathetic
Slide 25
72
Where do neurons leave the CNS from in the sympathetic nervous system
Thoracic and lumbar regions
73
Where do neurons leave the CNS from in the parasympathetic nervous system
Brainstem and Sacral region
74
Where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic nervous system
Close to spinal cord (sympathetic trunk)
75
Where are the ganglia located in the parasympathetic nervous system
Ganglia within or close to organs they innervate
76
What is dual innervation
Some tissues/organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
77
What is the difference in response of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
S - tends to respond as a single unit PS - tends to activate specific organs in patterns tailored to each situation
78
What does the sympathetic system increase under physical or psychological stress
Fight or flight response
79
What does the parasympathetic nervous system increase in activity
Rest or digest
80
Revisit A level Resting membrane flashcards
81
Slide 31

HL10521 - Human Physiology (17 decks)

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