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HL10521 - Human Physiology > Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular system impacted by

A

Endocrine System
Nervous system
Kidneys

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2
Q

What are the 2 loops in the cardiovascular system

A

Systemic
Pulmonary

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3
Q

What does the systemic loop do

A

carries blood to from the heart to themajor parts of the body and back to the heart

Blood leaves the left ventricle via the aorta
Branches to form systemic arteries

Branch to form the microcirculation: Arterioles, capillaries, venules

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4
Q

What do the venules that form veins ultimately form

A

Inferior Vena Cava - Collects blood from below heart
Superior Vena Cava - Collects blood from above the heart

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5
Q

What is the job of the Pulmonary loop

A

carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and
back to the heart.
Blood leaves right ventricle: pulmonary trunk
Dividing into pulmonary arteries – take blood to both lung

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

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7
Q

What is the exception to the rule “arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood”

A

the pulmonary arteries
- carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
- here they collect oxygenated blood and
- the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart

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8
Q

What is the pressure in a blood vessel

A

Pressure is the force exerted and we measure this in mm Hg

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9
Q

What is flow in blood vessels

A

Flow is the volume moved and it is measured in mL/min

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10
Q

What is the resistance in a blood vessel

A

Resistance is how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at any given
pressure difference

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11
Q

What are 3 things that contribute to the resistance in blood vessels

A

Blood viscosity
Total Blood Vessel length
Blood Vessel diameter

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12
Q

Where are elastic/conduit arteries located

A

These vessels are near the heart and carry blood for
circulation eg. the aorta

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13
Q

What are some features elastic/conduit arteries

A

Large lumen vessels (low resistance) that contain more elastin
than the muscular arteries.
Allows them to be “pressure reservoirs”
‒ expand and contract (recoil) as blood is ejected by the
heart. This allows blood flow to be continuous.

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14
Q

What are muscular arteries and their key traits

A

These arteries deliver blood to specific organs (mesenteric artery, renal artery etc.).

They have proportionally the most smooth muscle and are very active in vasoconstriction.

These arteries can play a large role in the regulation of blood pressure

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15
Q

What is compliance

A

how easily a structure stretches

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16
Q

What are some factors affecting pressure in an elastic container

A

How much water you put in it
How easily the walls of the balloon (eg.) can stretch

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17
Q

What is systolic blood pressure

A

Maximal arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection

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18
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure

A

Minimal arterial pressure reached just before ventricular ejection

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19
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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20
Q

What is intrinsic tone

A

Arterioles have basal level of contraction

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21
Q

How is smooth muscle regulated

A

Autonomically by local or extrinsic control

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22
Q

How does the dilation/contraction of arterioles affect minute-to-minute blood flow

A

If they contract, blood flow is diverted away from their tissues

If they Dilate, then blood flow to the tissue increases

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23
Q

What is an example of local control of resistance

A

Response to local metabolic or local blood flow changes
eg.Blood flow increases to an organ due to an increase in metabolism (eg. exercising skeletal muscle)

Response to injury - local inflammation Is characterised by increased blood flow

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24
Q

What are some examples of extrinsic control of resistance

A

Hormones
Sympathetic nerves

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25
What does Epinephrine do
vasodilates or constricts depending on the tissue
26
What does angiotensin II do
Constricts most arterioles
27
What does Vasopressin do
Constricts most arterioles
28
What is the affect of symapthetic nerves on arterioles
Always some sympathetic tone, this can be reduced resulting in vasodilation, by withdrawing sympathetic activity
29
What are the 3 types of capillary
Continuous capillary: found in skin, muscle, most common kind have tight junctions. Fenestrated capillary: more permeable — intestines, hormone-producing tissues, kidneys, etc. Sinusoidal capillary: only one with an incomplete basement membrane; these are found in the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues.
30
What is angiogenesis
Capillaries develop and grow (through muscle adaptation or tumours)
31
What does VEGF do
Increase endothelial growth - released by vascular endothelial cells
32
What is a precapillary sphincter
The site at which a capillary exits from a metarteriole is surrounded by a ring of smooth muscle,
33
In some tissues, what does blood enter through to reach the capillaries
metarterioles
34
How does the slow forward movement of blood through the capillaries help the human body
maximises the time for substance exchange across the capillary wall
35
What are the major functions of veins
Act as low pressure conduits returning blood to the heart Peripheral venous pressure
36
What are the factors determining venous pressure
Amount of blood in veins Compliance of walls
37
What is the pressure in the veins
(10-15mmHG) (Right atrium is 0 - creates pressure differential drawing blood up)
38
What is the pericardium
Muscular sack enclosing heart
39
What is the Epicardium
Fixes inner layer of pericardium to the heart
40
What is the myocardium
Muscular wall of the heart formed from cardiac muscle cell (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
41
What is the atrioventricular system
Muscular wall separating the ventricles
42
What do the Atrioventricular valves do
Permit flow from atrium to ventricle but not backward
43
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Disease in which the heart muscle becomes thickened
44
Where is the pulmonary semi lunar valve
Blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
45
Where is the aortic semi-lunar valve
Blood from left ventricle to aorta
46
What are chordae tendinae
fasten AV valves to the papillary muscles
47
What are Papillary muscles
Do not open or close the AV valves, but limit movement to prevent backward flow of blood. (pressure changes do)
48
Why does cardiac muscle have large mitochondria
produce the energy needed and prevent the heart from fatiguing.
49
What do cardiac muscle cells do
Branching cells with gap junctions that are critical to the hearts ability to be electrically stimulated.
50
What are node cells (cardiac muscle)
have the ability to stimulate their own action potentials. This is called automaticity or auto- rhythmicity (“pacemarker potential”, constant rhythm of electrical activity)
51
How does the sympathetic nervous system innervate the heart
innervates the entire heart muscle and node cells and release norepinephrine (increases heart rate)
52
How does the parasympathetic nervous system innervate the heart
innervates the node cells and release primarily acetylcholine (slows down heart rate)
53
What is the depolarisation ordering
Sinoatrial node - Atrial muscle cell - atrioventricular node - Bundle of His - left and Right bundle branches - L and R Purkinje fibres - Ventricular muscle cells
54
How does the wave of depolarisation from the SA node travel
Through the internodal pathway (via gap junctions) to the atrioventricular node Signal is delayed 0.1s to allow atria to contract and totally fill ventricles
55
What is the QRS complex a result of
The ventricular depolarisation and precedes ventricular contraction
56
What is the P wave (ECG)
Result of depolarisation wave from the SA node to the AV node. Atria contract 0.1 second after P wave starts.
57
What is a T wave (ECG)
caused by ventricular depolarisation
58
What is cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
59
What is stroke volume
Stroke volume is the difference between end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume
60
How do you calculate Cardiac output
CO = HR (bpm) x Stroke Volume
61
How do you calculate Stroke volume
SV = End Diastolic Volume - End systolic volume
62
What is the Frank Starling mechanism
the ventricle contracts more forcefully during systole when it has been filled to a greater degree during diastole
63
What is contractility
The strength of a contraction at any given end-diastolic volume (increased by Norepinephrine, adrenaline or plasma epinephrine)
64
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure
MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (Systolic pressure − diastolic pressure)
65
What is mean arterial pressure dependant on
Mean arterial pressure = Cardiac Output × Total Peripheral Resistance
66
What do arterial baroreceptors respond to
Changes in arterial pressure - degree of stretching is directly proportional to blood pressure
67
what are baroreceptors controlled by
Medulla oblongata
68
What does increased firing of baroreceptors lead to
LOWER sympathetic outflow to heart, arterioles, veins and an HIGHER parasympathetic outflow to heart
69
How do you treat hypertension
Diuretics beta blockers Calcium channel blockers ACE inhibitors
70
What do the intra-renal baroreceptors do
detect changes in stretching with due to lower blood volume which stimulates an increase in the production of renin
71
Where are Angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACEs) found
Endothelial cells
72
What is aldosterone
slow-acting steroid hormone that stimulates sodium reabsorption by kidney tubules
73
What is vasopressin (anti-diuretic)
rapid- acting peptide produced by the pituitary gland which stimulates water reabsorption
74
What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do
1. Inhibits sodium reabsorption by kidney tubular cells 2. Acts on renal blood vessels to increase filtration rate causing sodium excretion 3. Inhibits the action of aldosterone
75
Independent learning task - 367-370

HL10521 - Human Physiology (17 decks)

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