Flashcards in Lecture 4 - Pathophysiology of Diabetes & Obesity Deck (52)
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1
**Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly_________
Middle/lower countires
2
The increase in ____ and the overall ____ of the
population are two key factors driving the diabetes
epidemic
obesity/aging
3
Diabetes is a major cause of ____
blindness and kidney failure
4
Having diabetes can _____ the risk of death
compared with that in non-diabetics of a similar age
double
5
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children
Briefly describe which countries they are high in?
- Middle East
-
6
First recognized by Egyptians in 1500 BC as a disease associated with “the passage of much ____”
urine
7
In 1776 Dobson (Britain) firstly confirmed the presence of excess ___in urine and blood as a cause of their sweetness
sugar
8
Today diabetes is known as a metabolic disorder resulting in ________ affecting multi-organ systems
hyperglycemia
9
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in:
- ___
- ___
Insulin secretion
Insulin senstivity
10
Two types of types of diabetes?
mellutis and insipidus
11
Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM)
A chronic condition where pancreas produces little or no insulin
Type I
Can't be cured
12
Non-insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM)
Type II
A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar
13
Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
A form of high blood sugar affecting pregnant women
Diagnoses in the 2-3 trimester of pregnacy
14
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination
"Drinker's diabetes"
Very rare
Hypothalamus disorder caused by lack of ADH
15
What is the hormone affected in Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
ADH
16
Functions of pancreas (2)
1. Produce the enzymes that break down foods in the intestines (exocrine)
2. Make hormones that regulate blood sugar levels (endocrine)
17
Two cell types of the pancreas
- Exocrine
- Endocrine (Islets of langerhans alpha and beta)
18
Endocrine cells of the pancreas?
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
19
What is insulin?
A _____hormone made by the pancreas that allows the body to use ____ from carbohydrates in ingested food for energy or to store ___ for future use
protein/glucose/glycogen
20
Helps keeps blood sugar level from
getting too high (AKA _____) or too
low (AKA______)
hyperglycemia/hyoglycemia
21
Insulin function:
Liver
↓ glyconeolysis
↓ gluconeogenesis
↓ ketogenesis
↑ glycogen synthesis
↑ fatty acid synthesis
22
Insulin function:
Adipose Tissue
↓ lipolysis
↑ glycerol formation
↑ fatty acid formation
↑ glucose uptake
23
Insulin function:
Muscle
↓ protein catabolism
↑ amino acid oxidation
↑ amino acid uptake
↑ glucose uptake
↑ protein synthesis
↑ glycogen synthesis
24
Glucose homeostasis is maintained
by the highly coordinated interaction
of three physiologic processes:
___, ___, ___
1. Insulin secretion
2. Tissue glucose uptake
3. Hepatic glucose production
25
When metabolic disorders due to diabetes continue for many years, _____tissue is affected the most
vascular
26
β-cell destruction, usually
leading to absolute insulin
_____
deficiency
27
Type I diabetes is usually
_____ mediated or idiopathic and onset usually occurs at a
_______
immune/young age
28
Type I diabetes treatment
Insulin
29
Percentage of type I and type II
Type I = 5%
Type 2 = 95%
30
Type 2
Insulin _____ with relative insulin ______
resistance/deficiency
31
Polyuria
Lots of urine
32
Polydyspsia
Lots of thirst
33
Polyphagia
Increased hunger
34
English formula for BMI
(703) x (Weight in lbs) ? (Height in inches)^2
35
Metric formula for BMI
(Weight in kg) / (Height in meters)^2
36
Adipose Tissue:
BAT vs. WAT
BAT - brown adipose tissues. Helps with thermoregulation
(More in infants than in adults)
WAT - white adipose tissue this is the most common one
(More in adults)
37
BAT
Used for thermoregulation and is high in mitochondria and vasculature
(More in infants)
38
WAT
Everywhere else like visceral and is in adults
39
What is DKA?
Diabetic Ketoacidosis its when you break down fat because you cannot sense glucose
Would happen if person doesnt take insulin correctly)
40
Leptin is secreted by what?
White adipose tissue
41
Leptin does what?
Makes you feel ful
42
Underweight BMI
<18.5 kg/m^2
43
Normal weight BMI
18.5 - 24.9 kg/m^2
44
Overweight BMI
25 - 29.9 kg/m^2
45
Obesity class I BMI
30 - 34.9 kg/m^2
46
Obesity class II BMI
35 - 39.9 kg/m^2
47
Complications of Diabetes
(4)
1. Cardio-vasculature system
2. Kidneys (renal disease)
3. Nerves (loss of feeling)
4. Eyes (blindness)
48
Complications of Diabetes:
Macrovascular vs. Microvascular
Macrovascular:
Brain
Heart
Extremities
Microvascular:
Eyes
Kidney
Nerves
49
Diabetes mellitus in latin means roughly
Diabetes - water going through
Mellitus - sweet
Sweet urine
50
Diabetes Insipidus in latin means
Diabetes - water going through
Insipidus - water
Watery urine
51
What are the three Ps of diabetes
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
52
