Lecture 4 - Pathophysiology of Diabetes & Obesity Flashcards
(52 cards)
**Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly_________
Middle/lower countires
The increase in ____ and the overall ____ of the
population are two key factors driving the diabetes
epidemic
obesity/aging
Diabetes is a major cause of ____
blindness and kidney failure
Having diabetes can _____ the risk of death
compared with that in non-diabetics of a similar age
double
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children
Briefly describe which countries they are high in?
- Middle East
-
First recognized by Egyptians in 1500 BC as a disease associated with “the passage of much ____”
urine
In 1776 Dobson (Britain) firstly confirmed the presence of excess ___in urine and blood as a cause of their sweetness
sugar
Today diabetes is known as a metabolic disorder resulting in ________ affecting multi-organ systems
hyperglycemia
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases
characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in:
- ___
- ___
Insulin secretion
Insulin senstivity
Two types of types of diabetes?
mellutis and insipidus
Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM)
A chronic condition where pancreas produces little or no insulin
Type I
Can’t be cured
Non-insulin Dependent DM (NIDDM)
Type II
A chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar
Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
A form of high blood sugar affecting pregnant women
Diagnoses in the 2-3 trimester of pregnacy
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination
“Drinker’s diabetes”
Very rare
Hypothalamus disorder caused by lack of ADH
What is the hormone affected in Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
ADH
Functions of pancreas (2)
- Produce the enzymes that break down foods in the intestines (exocrine)
- Make hormones that regulate blood sugar levels (endocrine)
Two cell types of the pancreas
- Exocrine
- Endocrine (Islets of langerhans alpha and beta)
Endocrine cells of the pancreas?
Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
What is insulin?
A _____hormone made by the pancreas that allows the body to use ____ from carbohydrates in ingested food for energy or to store ___ for future use
protein/glucose/glycogen
Helps keeps blood sugar level from
getting too high (AKA _____) or too
low (AKA______)
hyperglycemia/hyoglycemia
Insulin function:
Liver
↓ glyconeolysis ↓ gluconeogenesis ↓ ketogenesis ↑ glycogen synthesis ↑ fatty acid synthesis
Insulin function:
Adipose Tissue
↓ lipolysis
↑ glycerol formation
↑ fatty acid formation
↑ glucose uptake
Insulin function:
Muscle
↓ protein catabolism ↑ amino acid oxidation ↑ amino acid uptake ↑ glucose uptake ↑ protein synthesis ↑ glycogen synthesis
Glucose homeostasis is maintained
by the highly coordinated interaction
of three physiologic processes:
___, ___, ___
- Insulin secretion
- Tissue glucose uptake
- Hepatic glucose production
