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ELM2 - respiratory > lecture 4 - respiratory histology > Flashcards

lecture 4 - respiratory histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the type of epithelium found in the ‘conducting’ parts of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory epithelium - Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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2
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the vestibule of the nose?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What are the 3 main cell types found in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory cells (receptor neurons), Supporting cells, Basal cells

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4
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

The cribriform plate

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5
Q

What is the function of supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

They sit on either side of the olfactory cells and help to make up the epithelium

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6
Q

What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Act as stem cells and can differentiate into supporting or olfactory cells

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7
Q

What structures are found in the lamina propria below the olfactory epithelium?

A

Axons of olfactory cells/neurons, Serous glands secreting mucus, blood vessels

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8
Q

What is the name for the thin projections coming from the olfactory receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory hairs

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9
Q

What are the cell types found in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the venous plexuses found in the lamina propria of the respiratory epithelium?

A

Warm the inspired air

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11
Q

Does the trachea lie anterior or posterior to the oesophagus?

A

Anterior! don’t forget

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12
Q

What 2 structures maintain the patency of the trachea?

A

C-shaped cartilage rings, trachealis muscle

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13
Q

What joins the ends of the cartilage ring of the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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14
Q

Which surface of the trachea is covered by the trachealis muscle?

A

Posterior (between the trachea and oeosophagus

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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Respiratory - pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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16
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

A

Hyaline cartilage

17
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

To reduce the diameter of the trachea and therefore assist in coughing

18
Q

What is MALT in the airways?

A

Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

19
Q

What muscles are found in the bronchi?

A

Smooth muscle fibres arranged spirally

20
Q

What cartilage is found in the bronchi?

A

Rings in primary bronchus, but hyaline plates in smaller bronchi

21
Q

Where do mucous glands cease in the airways?

A

At the bronchioles

22
Q

What happens to the size of the epithelial cells as you go further down the respiratory tree?

A

They reduce in size and get flatter (columnar -> cuboidal -> squamous)

23
Q

Where are Clara Cells found?

A

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles

24
Q

What are the functions of clara cells?

A

To secrete surfactant-like lipoproteins, act as stem cells, and detoxification/immune defence

25
Q

What is the key histological feature of clara cells?

A

They have granules

26
Q

What is the type of epithelium at the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal (with clara cells)

27
Q

What is the junction between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar sacs?

A

Alveolar ducts

28
Q

What are alveolar sacs made up of?

A

Lots of alveoli that form a bigger pouch/sac

29
Q

What structure divides different alveoli?

A

Interalveolar septa

30
Q

What is the function of alveolar pores?

A

Penetrate alveolar septa to connect neighbouring alveoli to equalise air pressure

31
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the epithelium of the alveoli?

A

Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes

32
Q

What is the function of Type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Contact capillary walls to form the blood-air barrier for gas exchange

33
Q

What is the function of Type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Produce surfactant

34
Q

Which type of pneumocyte is most prevalent?= in the alveoli?

A

Type I (has exchange is most important process)

35
Q

What immune cell is normally found in the alveoli?

A

Alveolar macrophages

36
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

A

Remove dust/debris/bacteria, turnover surfactant

37
Q

What are the 3 components of the blood air barrier?

A
  1. Type 1 pneumocyte lining/cytoplasm,
  2. fused basement membrane of type 1 pneumocyte and capillary endothelial cell
  3. cytoplasm of endothelial cell

ELM2 - respiratory (12 decks)

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