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Biodiversity > Lecture 4: Sphenopsids and ferns: unlikely relations > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Sphenopsids and ferns: unlikely relations Flashcards

1
Q

Sphenopsids: living genus example

A

Equisetum (extant)

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2
Q

Equisetum stem description

A

has a jointed stem with regular alternations of microphylls in the successive whorles (leaves at the nodes)

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3
Q

In all sphenopsids what does the sporophyte consist of?

A

a monopodial branch system (one branch)

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4
Q

Sphenopsid: Equisetum leaves

A

are microphyllous, unbranched and reduced (except in some early fossil forms)

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5
Q

Microphyllous:

A

one single, unbranched leaf vein

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6
Q

In Equisetum a perennial underground rhizome gives rise to

A

numerous shoots (root like structure which has a life cycle longer than two years)

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7
Q

Equisetum small plant height

A

usually 2-50cm in height. (But one species is up to 10m)

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8
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: Stomata

A

are confined to the valleys of the internodes

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9
Q

tracheid:

A

(an elongated, tapering xylem cell having lignified, pitted, intact walls, adapted for conduction and support)

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10
Q

What type of vascular tissues are present?

A

tracheids & phloem

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11
Q

Sporangiophores:

A

(in a plant or fungus) a structure or stalk that bears one or more sporangia

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12
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: sporangiophores:

A

are pelate (having the stalk or support attached to the lower surface at a distance from the margin, as a leaf; shield-shaped) and aggregated (in a cluster) into a terminal strobilus (cone-like structure)

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13
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: living homo/heterosporous?

A

HOMOSPOROUS

some extinct were heterosporous

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14
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: living isospores

A

(one of the spores produced) are rather strange and have pseudoelaters

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15
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: microporous or megasporous?

A

Now all microporous but evidence from fossils of megasporous

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16
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: Gametophytes do one of two things

A
  • remain small and produce only antheridia (with a few going on to produce archegonia also)
  • become larger and long lived producing archegonia, and if none of these are fertilised also antheridia, followed by a final crop of archegonia. (Encourage outbreeding.)
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17
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: Spermatozoids are

A

multiflagellate

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18
Q

Sphenopsid Equisetum: Embryogeny is

A

Exoscopic. (Embryogeny in which, of the two cells resulting from the first division of the egg cell, the outer gives rise to the embryo and the inner to the foot. It is seen in the Bryophyta, Psilopsida, and Sphenopsida).

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19
Q

Polypodiopsida =

A

ferns

20
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns):

sporophyte is

A

is herbaceous (not woody) or arborescent (treelike), in many forms rhizomatous

21
Q

rhizome:

A

root-like subterranean stem, commonly horizontal position

22
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns): leaves

A

often compound (megaphylls)

23
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns): Vascular system includes

A

tracheids and phloem and usually lacking clearly defined secondary tissue

24
Q

stele:

A

the central core of the stem and root of a vascular plant, consisting of the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and associated supporting tissue.

25
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns): stele arrangement

A

often divided into meristems

26
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns): leaf traces description

A

• often complex, leaving a parenchymatous gap in the stele (the central cylinder or cylinders of vascular and related tissue in the stem, root, petiole, leaf, etc., of the higher plants) at their origin.

27
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns):

Sporangia arrangement

A

borne on leaves, but never on the side toward the axis or stem of a microphyll

28
Q

microphyll:

A

a very short leaf, such as in a moss or clubmoss, with a single unbranched vein and no leaf gaps in the stele.

29
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns):

Hetero/homo sporous?

A

Mostly homosporous except for a few living and fossil heterosporous forms

30
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns): Gametophyte description

A

• Gametophytes simple, lacking vascular tissues and usually autotrophic.

31
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns):

Spermatozoids description

A

they are multiflagellate

32
Q

Polypodiopsida (ferns):Embryogeny?

A

• Embryogeny typically endoscopic (Embryogeny in which the embryo develops from the inner of the two cells that result from the first division of the zygote).

33
Q

2 types of ferns:

A
  • Eusporangiate

- Leptosporangiate

34
Q

The Eusporangiates

A
  • Marattiales
  • Ophioglossales
  • Psilotales
35
Q

The Leptosporangiates:

A
  • Osmundales (with some Eusporangiate characters)
  • Polypodiales
  • Hydropteridales
36
Q

Marattiales:

A

HOMOSPOROUS

a) Sporangia on bottom of leaf
b) Leaves frown and become ‘false’ trunk, held by roots that become strong

37
Q

Ophioglossales

A

HOMOSPOROUS
a) Doesn’t look like what we think ‘fern’. Consists of rhizome, stem, a sterile portion of frond and a fertile portion of frond.

38
Q

Frond:

A

the leaf or leaf-like part of a palm, fern, or similar plant.

39
Q

Osmundales

A

HOMOSPOROUS

a) leaf grows up through branch

40
Q

Polypodiales:

A

HOMOSPOROUS

a) sporangia underside of leaf, sometimes protected by Indusium
b) Some use bubbles of gas and pressure on outer side to release spores

41
Q

Psilotales

A

HOMOSPOROUS

42
Q

Hydropteridales:

A

HETEROSPOROUS

a) megaspores released and float on top of river
b) microspores released and float on top of river
c) Grow gametophyte
d) change in density so sinks
e) Egg then floats back to top and grows into sporophyte AND REPEAT

43
Q

Where were ferns derived from?

A

Late Devonian period (most vascular plants derived from here)

44
Q

Psilophyton preservation:

A

Exceptionally preserved in a lower Devonian volcaniclastic deposits from Eastern Canada
-plants covered by gases from volcanic eruption

45
Q

Origin of leaves: the megaphyll

A

webbing occurs over whole axis system, adapts to result in leaves

Biodiversity (11 decks)

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