Lecture 4_190612 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 4_190612 Deck (32)
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1
Q

States of Matter

A

1) Solid
2) Liquid
3) Gas

2
Q

Melting

A

Solid → liquid = melting

3
Q

Freezing

A

Liquid → solid = freezing

4
Q

Boiling

A

Liquid → gas = boiling (evaporation or vaporization)

5
Q

Condencing

A

Gas → liquid = condencing (condensation)

6
Q

Sublimation

A

Solid → gas = sublimation

7
Q

Deposition

A

Gas → solid = deposition

8
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Bonds between metals and non-metals, and involve the EXCHANGE of electrons.

9
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Bonds between non-metals and non-metals, and involve the SHARING of electrons.

NOT broken randomly, but by enzymes.

10
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Covlent nonds where the atom with the higher electronegativity will get the shared electron more, while the atom with the lower electronegativity will get the electron less,

partial “-“ on the high electronegativity atom
partial “+” charge on the low electronegativity atom

resulting in dipoles!

11
Q

Intermolecular Forces

A

forces are the forces between molecules
*stronger the forces = less volatile the matter (higher melting and boiling points)

From strongest to weakest:
•force between permanent dipole and ion
•force between permanent dipoles
- Hydrogen bonding = special case (much stronger)
- H -> H, C, N, O
•force between permanent dipole and induced dipole
•force between induced dipoles (London force)

12
Q

Induced dipole

A

= London forces = van der Waals forces = temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form TEMPORARY dipoles ~ “passer-by atoms”

13
Q

Solute

A

“being desolved”

14
Q

Solvent

A

“desolving”

15
Q

Solubility

A

“Like dissolves like.”

Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes
Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes

16
Q

Hydrophilic Interactions

A

high water-soluble molecules, polar molecules

substrate binds to water

polar (charged) molecule is attracted to the charges within the water molecule.

17
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

low water-soluble molecules, nonpolar molecules
*usually have a long chain of carbons that do not interact with water molecules
EX: mixing of fat and water

18
Q

Ampipathic

A

both hydrophilic & hydrophobic interactions

*philic on one end or phobic on the other

19
Q

Electronegativity

A

O > N > C > H

OH- > CN-

20
Q

TABLE 2-3

A

STUDY!!!

21
Q

SLIDE 11

A

SUDY!!!

22
Q

Surface Tension

A

If a liquid has a high attractive force with itself, and a low attractive force with a surface (cohesion), it will exhibit high “surface tension”.

23
Q

Capillary Action

A

Cohesion creates surface tension

Adhesion attracts the liquid to the wall of container

24
Q

LaPlace’s Law & Blood Vessels

A
T = P x R, stress = T/h
T = tension, P = pressure, R = lumen radius, h = wall thickness

increase R = increase T = stress
increase h = decresed stress

25
Q

LaPlace’s Law & Alveoli

A

ΔP = Pinside - Poutside = T (2/R) – for a sphere
T = 0.073 N/m – surface tension for pure H2O
T ≈ 0.02 N/m – with surfactant
1 kPa ≈ 10.2 cm H2O

Opening pressure needed for collapsed alveoli in ARDS:
P ≈ 50 cm H20
For normal alveoli:
P = 4 cm H2O
*”+” pressure destroys already open alveoli

26
Q

Boiling Point

A

liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure it is exposed to

For example, in the graph, at 100 ºC the vapor pressure of water is 760 mmHg (1atm)

27
Q

Heat of fusion

A

energy required to melt a mole of a material
Q = ΔH-fus * m
*while melting delta temp = 0

28
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

energy required to boil a mole of a material
Q = ΔH-vap * m
*while boiling delta temp = 0

29
Q

Specific heat of water

A

= 1 cal/g/ºC = 4.18 J/g/ºC

30
Q

Specific Heat (Cp)

A

The amount of energy required to heat an object is:

Q = Cp * m * ΔT

31
Q

Energy Changes and Changes of State

A

A) ice absorbs heat and warms up to 0 degC
B) ice melts, requires “heat of fusion” ~delta temp = 0
C) water absorbs heat and warms up to 100 degC
D) water boils, requires “heat of vaporization” ~delta temp = 0
E) steam (water vapor) absorbs heat

32
Q

Phase Diagrams

A

STUDY slide 20!!!