Lecture 8-9_190620-21 Flashcards
Human BioChem flow chart
Nutrients > Transport > Metabolism
> amino acids, carbs, lipids
Amino Acids
< > Proteins >> Structures: cells, tissues, organs >> Regulation & communication: signaling molecules >>>Nucleic Acids: information > proteins >> enzymes, coagulation, immune system
Carbohydrates
> Proteins >> Ammino Acids >> Structures: cells, tissues, organs >> Regulation & communication: signaling molecules >>> Nucleic Acids: information > proteins >> enzymes, coagulation, immune system > Glycoconjugates >> enzymes, coagulation, immune system > Structure: membranes > Signaling molecules > Lipids
Carbohydrates-Lipids
< > energy
Lipids
> Signaling molecules > Structure: membranes > Carbohydrates > Glycoconjugates >> enzymes, coagulation, immune system
Substrate + Enzyme
= ES (affinitely) = EP = E + P
= ES (high affinitely) = EP (blocking the site)
Reation profile for enzyamatic and non-enzymatic reactions
STUDY SLIDE 4!!!
Michalis Menten Equation
V = Vmax * S / (Km + S) V = rate (micromol/min/mg protein) S = substate concentration (mmol/L) Km = Vmax/2 (substrate concentration @ Vmax/2)
Chiral carbon
attached to 4 different types types of atoms or groups of atoms
*stereo
Right
R (rectus) or D (dexter)
Left
S (sinister) or L (laevos)
Possible configurations
x # of chiral carbons
2^x possible configurations
D-Glucose
“D”extrose: D-Aldoses
H - C --O
I
H - C - OH
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 4 chirol, 2^4 = 16 possibilities
D-Mannose
D-Aldoses
H - C --O
I
HO - C - H
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 4 chirol, 2^4 = 16 possibilities
D-Glactose
D-Aldoses
H - C --O
I
H - C - OH
I
HO - C - H
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 4 chirol, 2^4 = 16 possibilities
D-Fructose
D-Ketoses
CH2OH
I
C -- OH
I
HO - C - H
I
H - C - OH
I
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
6 carbons, 3 chirol, 2^3 = 8 possibilities
Glucose to Lactic Acid
H - C –O +2ADP+Pi = -2ATP COOH
I I
H - C - OH (2) HO - C - H
I I
HO - C - H CH3
I
H - C - OH L-Lactate ~ Lactic Acid
I (C3H6O6)
H - C - OH
I
CH2OH
D-Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Glycolysis
Glucose + Phospate > Glc-6-P (not = glucose) > 2 Pyruvate >> Protein >> Lactate ~ Lactic Acid >> Amino Acids >> Fats
Pyruvate to L-Lactate
O – C - O^- NADH + H^+ = NAD^+ O–C - O^-
I I
C – O lactose HO - C - H
I dehydrogenase I
HO - C - H (LDH) CH3
I
H - C - OH L-Lactate ~ Lactic Acid
I (C3H6O6)
H - C - OH
I
CH3 *picks up 2Hs (decrease acidity)
*deltaG = -25.1 kJ/mol
Pyruvate
Glycolysis to Citris Acid Cylce (Kerbs)
Glucose > glycolysis (2ATP) > 2 Pyruvate (4-2=2ATP)
> Anaerobic connditions
» 2 Ethenol + 2CO2 (fermentation to alcohol in yeast)
» 2 Lactate (fermentation to lactate in vigerouly contracting muscle, erythrocytes/RBCs, some other cells, and in some microorganisms)
» 2ATP + H^+’s
> Aerobic conditions
» CO2
» 2 Acetyl-CoA
»> citric acid cycle > 4CO2+4H2O (animal, plant, and many microbial cells under aerobic conditions)
»> CO2
»> 32ATP
Amphibilic pathway
both
catabolic
- larger molecules broken down to smaller molecules
- give off energy (deltaG “-“)
anabolic
- forming larger more complex molecules from smaller molecules
- use/require energy (deltaG “+”)
TABLE 13-4
STUDY SLIDE 22!!!
Kerbs Cylce
STUDY resources!!!
Membrane Structure
Polar / Non-Polar Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic Head Non-Polar Hydrophobic tail
Longer carbonic chains = higher melting pt
- steric acid = 18:0
Nature = one tail with “cis” double bond (kink) in tail
Double bonds decrease melting pt
cis double bonds further reduce melthing pt
- olic acid = 18:1
- omega 3 = cis 3 carbons from end of tail/chain
- Linolenic acid = 18:3
- not in our diets b/c more reactive ~ shorter shelf life?
- omega 6 = cis 6 carbons from end of tail/chain
- Linoleic acid = 18:2 (veg. oils)
- Arachidonic acid = 20:4
trans double bonds are not natural
- tighter configeration = increased melting pt
- health problems
