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Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

When lipids enter enterocytes they travel to E.R. where they are what?

A

Biosynthesized

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2
Q

LCFA that enter ER have how many carbons?

A

14>

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3
Q

What happens to LCFA that enter E.R.

A

Made into AcylCoA by AcylCoA Synthase (thiokinase)

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4
Q

Because LCFA that enter E.R. are acylated what is low?

A

FFA

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5
Q

Acyl-FA is also recognized as what?

A

CoA-Thioester which is a substrate for Beta oxidation

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6
Q

Wwhat is a substrate for Beta oxidation?

A

CoA Thioester

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7
Q

Can FFA diffuse into mitochondria?

A

Yes but they can not be oxidized

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8
Q

If a FFA diffuses into mitochondria, can they be oxidized?

A

No

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9
Q

What is used by TAG Synthase to convert 2-monoglycerols to TAG?

A

Acyl-CoA aka CoA thioester

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10
Q

2 parts of TAG synthase?

A

MAG acyltransferase

DAG acyltransferase

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11
Q

Lysolecithin (lysophospholipids) convert to phospholipids by what enzyme?

A

acyltransferase

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12
Q

Cholesterol is acted on by acyl cholesterol transferase (ACAT) to make what?

A

Cholesteryl ester

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13
Q

Do erythrocytes have mitochondria?

A

No

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14
Q

Can brain oxidize FFA?

A

No, because it has a blood brain barrier

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15
Q

3 hormones that facilitate lipolysis

A

Glucocorticoids
Growth Hormone
Thyroid hormone

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone

synthesize what?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

Which is the rate controlling step in lipolysis

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17
Q

What breaks down TAG in adipose?

A

ATGL

adipose triglyceride lipase

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18
Q

What breaks down monoacylglycerol?

A

MAG

Monoacylglycerol lipase

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19
Q

In cushings disease there is what?

A

Excess glucocorticoid

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20
Q

In cushings disease there is excess glucocorticoid which leads to what?

A

long-term steroid therapies where fat is reduced in lower extreme but greatly increased in truncal obesity leading to buffalo hump showing that ab and neck adipocytes are not very reactive to these hormones

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21
Q

Insulin ensures that TAG are synthesized in what state and degraded in what state?

A

Synthesized

Degraded

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22
Q

Which nervous system ensure release of TAG during stress?

23
Q

Albumin bound FA have a high turnover time in plasma of how long?

24
Q

What happens to glycerol in liver?

Study These Flashcards
A

Go into glucose synthesis

25
Intestine and liver release _____ which adipocytes can't.
lipoproteins adipocytes can only release FFA (unesterified)
26
What 3 components of the body can not oxidize FA
Brain Erythrocytes Neurons
27
Beta oxidation metabolizes what type of Fats?
Saturated
28
To be oxidized Short FA must have what?
Even number carbon chain Chain length of 18-20 if not they need additional enzymatic reaction
29
WHere does beta oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
30
DUring beta oxidation what happens to Acyl-CoA FA
2 carbon atoms must be removed to make acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2
31
What must occur for a FA with less than 14 carbons to diffuse into mitochondria
must be protonated
32
What carries LCFA from cytosol into mitochondrial matrix?
Carnitine through a carnitine shuttle
33
First step of transferring a LCFA into mitochondrial matrix
Acyl FA group is transferred to the OH group of carnitine forming acyl carnitine
34
What transfer the AcylFA group to the OH group of carnitine?
Carnitine-Palmitoyl transferase or CAT
35
Carnitine Palmitoyl transferase has 2 forms. Explain them
CPT1 is the outer membrane | CPT2 is the inner membrane
36
What crosses mitochondria membrane via carnitine shuttle?
Acyl-Carnitine and Carnitine via diffusion using Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase
37
What enzyme helps transfer Acyl Carnitine and Carnitine across mitochondrial membrane
Carnitine-Acylcarnitine | Translocase
38
Once the Carnitine-AcylCarnitine gets across mitochondrial membrane what happens?
Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 catalyzes the carnitine group and adds Coenzyme A back
39
Does SCFA or MCFA need carnitine?
No they can diffuse passively where they are acylated
40
What inhibits CPT1 from transferring LCFA into mitochondria?
Malonyl CoA
41
WHen Malony CoA inhibits CPT1, LCFA can't get into mitochondria because what?
FA synthesis is occuring in cytosol and the new palmitate can not enter either
42
Where does carnitine come from?
Diet or liver and kidney make them out of lysine and methionine
43
Can heart and skseletal muscle make carnitine?
No
44
Where is carnitine stored?
Skeletal muscle
45
Carnitine removes what?
Branch chain acyl group that are made when BCAA are catabolized for energy
46
What happens to acyl groups the body can not catabolize?
trapped and excreted at renal level by carnitine
47
Deficiency of carnitine can lead to what?
InAbility of tissue to use LCFA as a source of energy Build up of Branch Chain Acyl Groups and FFA in tissuess
48
What causes carnitine deficiency?
Liver failure Malnutrition Strict Diet Increase need due to infection, burns, pregnancy, hemodialysis. Congenital deficiency; where tubular reabsorption of carnitine is bad, or cellular uptake of carnitine is bad
49
What does hemodialysis lead to?
Extracting carnitine from the blood
50
CPT1 deficiency can lead to what?
Impair liver tissue ability to make glucose in fasting state
51
CPT1 deficiency impair liver tissue ability to make glucose in fasting state leading to what?
Hypoglycermia or Death
52
CPT 2 deficiency occurs mainly where?
Cardiac and skeletal muscles
53
When CPT2 is deficient what occurs?
Cardiomyopathy muscle weakness myoglobinemia
54
How do you treat carnitine deficiency?
``` High Carb diet, Low LCFA diet Supplement MCFA avoid fasting Supplement carnitine ```

Lipids (5 decks)

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