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Lipids > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids dissolve in what?

A

Organic Solvents

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2
Q

Name 3 organic solvents that lipids dissolve in

A

Cholorform, Ether, Acetone

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3
Q

6 places you can find lipids

A

Energy sources from diet
Cell and organelle membrane constituent
Constituents of fat-soluble vitamins, hormones, Co-Q, and mediators of eTC

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4
Q

What is Coenzyme Q

A

An enzyme used in oxidative phosphorylation process in mitochondria that turns carbs and fats into ATP (to be used for synthesis)

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5
Q

3 simple lipids

A

Triacylglycerols, diacylglycerol, monoglycerol
Fatty Acids
Waxes

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6
Q

2 types of waxes

A 
Sterol Esters (Cholesterol fatty acid ester)
Non sterol esters (Vitamin A ester)
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7
Q

7 types of compound lipids

A 
Phospholipids
phosphatidic acids (cell signaling)
plasmalogens (cell signal)
sphingomyelins (cell signal)
Glycolipids
Lipoproteins
Derived Lipids
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8
Q

What does a phospholipid do?

A

Forms a permeable barrier to cell membrane

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9
Q

What do glycolipids do?

A

Stabilize cell membrane and facilitate cell to cell interaction

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10
Q

Job of lipoproteins

A

Transport simple lipids

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11
Q

What is a derived lipid

A

Sterols/straight chain alcohols from simple/compound lipid hydrolysis that still have lipid properties such as ethyl alcohol

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12
Q

How long can a carbon chain length be in a fatty acid?

A

Between 4-24 carbon atoms having a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end

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13
Q

Which type of lipid provide most of dietary energy from fat

A

Fatty Acid

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14
Q

At what pH does the carboxyl terminal group of FA ionize?

A

4.8 making it lose the H and forming a negative charge making it amphipathic

COOH -> COO-

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15
Q

In LCFA which portion is the largest?

A

The hydrophobic portion making it insoluble

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16
Q

Over __% of FA in plasma are in the form of _____.

Name the 3 types

A

90
esters

TAG
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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17
Q

What is a saturated lipid?

A

Single bonded carbon-carbon

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18
Q

What is a MUFA

A

1 double bond

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19
Q

What is a PUFA

A

2 or more double bonds

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20
Q

The prescence of C=C allow for what?

A

cis and trans conformation

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21
Q

What allows for cis and trans conformation on lipid?

A

C=C

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22
Q

Do trans assume a straight or twisting shape?

A

Straight

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23
Q

Do Cis assume a straight or twisting shape?

A

Twisting into U-Like shape

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24
Q

What is the significans of twisting role of FA?

A

Structure and function of cell membrane

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25
Most FA's in nature are in what form?
Cis
26
How are Trans fats made (2 ways)?
by ruminant digestive processes (hence presence in beef and dairy products) By hydrogenation
27
Cis double bonds that are not reduced to single bond by the heat rearrange to what?
Trans
28
Delta system counts double bonds from which end?
Carboxyl Group
29
Omega system counts double bonds from which end?
Methyl
30
Omega 3 is which type of acid
Linolenic
31
Omega 6 is which type of acid?
Linoleic
32
DIfference between omega and Delta system
20:4 ω-6 Omega tells us where first double bond is 18:2(Δ9,12) Delta tells us where every double bond is
33
How many carbons separate a FA
3
34
What is the precursor for arachidonic?
Linoleic acid (provide energy)
35
Precursor to linolenic acid in vivo?
Linoleic acid
36
Linoleic makes what?
yLinolenic->Eiconsatrienoic->Arachidonic(needed to make prostaglandins and leukotrienes which aid in immune function)
37
What does desaturation mean?
Add a cis or trans double bond
38
What does saturation mean?
Removing a double bond
39
What is responsible for desaturation?
Mixed function oxidase enzyme
40
What occurs in mixed function oxidase enzyme What two components make this possible?
Desaturation (adding a double bond) by using NADPH and oxygen
41
Mixed function oxidase enzymes add double bonds using NADPH and Oxygen for what?
make Polyunsaturated FAtty Acids
42
Humans lack the enzyme to insert double bonds between which carbons?
Delta 12 and 15 (delta 12 and delta 15 desaturases is needed which are found in plants which is why we consume foods with omega 3 and 6)
43
FA are esterified through which group?
Carboxyl group resulting in the loss of negative charge and forming a neutral fat
44
FA are esterified through their carboxyl group resulting in the loss of what?
Their negative charge, forming a neutral fat COO- -> COOR
45
Glycerol has 3 molecules where carbon 1 is ____ carbon 2 is _____ and carbon 3 is _____
saturated unsaturated either
46
Does UFA lower or raise melting temp?
Lowers
47
What does esterified mean?
To form an ester (H on carboxyl end of OH is replaced by alkyl group) COOH -> COOR
48
Double bonds prefer which configuration?
Cis causing a bend at double bond site
49
Cis double bonds cause a what?
Bend at double bond site
50
Does increasing length of carbon chain increase or decrease melting temperature?
Increase
51
What makes cell membranes flexible?
LCFA double bonds
52
Adding FA to glycerol is done by what?
esterification
53
What enzyme removes a FA from glycerol?
Lipase
54
FFA are transported by what?
albumin
55
What happens when FFA attach to albumin?
Transported to various tissues for oxidation
56
Another name for a 4 ring core structure/ steroid nucleus?
Cyclo Pentano Perhydro Phenanthrene
57
Sterols are what?
Monohydroxyl alcohols
58
Most common sterol?
Cholesterol
59
Cholesterol is primary substrate for synthesis of what?
steroids
60
Cholesterol can be found in what two forms?
Free or esterified
61
Do human enzymes recognize plant sterols?
No
62
80% of cholesterol in humans is made by what?
Liver
63
What percentage of cholesterol in humans is made by liver?
80%
64
5 products made from cholesterol
``` Steroids Sex hormones Bile acids Adrenal hormones Vitamin D ```
65
3 ways you can determine difference of sterol
POsition of double bonds on the ring system Presence of carbonyl or hydroxyl groups Type of side chain on carbon 17
66
What converts cholesterol hormones?
Desmolase
67
How does desmolase convert cholesterol?
It first hydroxylates carbon 20 and 22; then cleaving side chain on steroid nucleus
68
3 type of phospholipids?
Glycerophophatides Sphingophosphatides Phosphatidic acids
69
Example of glycerophosphatide?
Cardiolipin (needed for energy conversion in mitochondria)

Lipids (5 decks)

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