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AB MACHINERY > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Amount of work that a physical system is capable to perform.

A

Energy

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2
Q

It is the rate of doing work.
Rate at which energy is transferred or converted.

A

Power

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3
Q

form of energy associated with the position of the force field. Example: energy of a water reservoir at a certain height.

A

Potential Energy

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4
Q

form of mechanical energy that has something to do with the mass in motion. Example: wind harnessed through wind rotors.

A

Kinetic Energy

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5
Q

energy associated with random molecular motions within any medium and is usually related to the increase or decrease in the temperature of a substance. Example: Steam production for power generation

A

Heat (thermal) energy

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6
Q

energy stored in certain chemicals or materials that can be released by chemical reaction. Example: Combustion of fuel such as gasoline and diesel, Energy produced in batteries.

A

Chemical Energy

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7
Q

this energy is closely related to electrical energy. When a magnetic field is created, a force to propel devices like motors, solenoid valves, and doorbells create work.

A

Magnetic Energy

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8
Q

the form of energy generated by friction or by a chemical change, having magnetic chemical and radiant effects.

A

Electrical Energy

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9
Q

a part of the energy of an atomic nucleus, which can be released by fusion or fission or radioactive decay.

A

Nuclear Energy

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10
Q

the form of energy associated with the vibration or disturbance of matter.

A

Sound Energy

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11
Q

Enumerate Sources of Energy

A

Fuel Oil – Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene, etc.
Coal
Solar – Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic
Biomass – Direct Combustion, Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Biofuel
Wind – Windmill, Windpump, Wind Turbine
Hydro
Geothermal
Wave and Tidal
Ocean Thermal

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12
Q

Extracted or captured directly from the environment.

A

Primary Energy Source

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13
Q

The transformed primary energy.

A

Secondary Energy Source

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14
Q

These are the common and widely used sources of energy. eg. Fossil fuel, hydroelectricity, thermal power (from coal, mineral oil, natural gas), nuclear, etc. They are expensive and require established technologies to produce energy around the clock.

A

Conventional Energy Source

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15
Q

Are the new sources of energy, hence they are still not in common use such as solar, tidal, wind, biogas, and ocean thermal. They are also known as renewable energy sources and have a nominal contribution to national power.

A

Non-conventional energy source

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16
Q

have a much smaller environmental footprint but they are still expensive and are often limited to producing energy only under certain circumstances. They are location-specific.

A

Non-conventional energy sources

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17
Q

have limited supply because eventually the nuclear elements and fossil fuels will be used up. In addition, burning fossil fuels release a significant amount of greenhouse gases and contribute to acid rain.

A

Conventional energy source

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18
Q

Is a natural resource that cannot be reproduced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. Once depleted there will be no more available for future use. It includes coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear.

A

Non-renewable energy source

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19
Q

Is the energy that comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. They are considered renewable because they are naturally replenished at a constant rate. These includes: hydroelectric, solar energy, biomass, wind, geothermal and ocean.

A

Renewable Energy Source

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20
Q

What are the classifications of agricultural operations?

A

Tractive Work
Stationary Work

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21
Q

Land Preparation, Seed Bed Preparation, Cultivation, Harvesting, Transporting/Hauling

A

Tractive Work

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22
Q

Threshing, Water pumping/Irrigating, Milling, Sorting

A

Stationary work

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23
Q

it can be visualized as a pull or push that tends to move an object.

A

Force

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24
Q

In tillage tools, this force usually referred to as what??. Units: Newton, kilogram of force (kgf), pound of force (lbf).

A

Draft

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25
Q

It is the rate at which work is performed.

A

Power

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26
Q

it is a measure of how long, or how wide is your field; it is used in measuring the depth of the cut of your implement; or the width of cut of your implement for tillage. (SI – m, English – ft)

A

Length

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27
Q

it is a measure of how weighty the draft animal is. We can derive the weight from the given mass of a draft animal. ((SI – kg, English – Lb)

A

Mass

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28
Q

it is a measure of how long the drying operation will take; or how long the planting season will take; or how many hours will it take for a tractor to plow the land. (s)

A

Time

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29
Q

described as the quantity that measures how much distance is travelled in a given time. It is used for example: how much distance is travelled by a tractor in plowing operation for a given time? Or the distance travelled by the draft animal as it pulls the implement in a given time. (SI – m/s, English – ft/s)

A

Speed

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30
Q

can be described as the push or pull that tends to move an object.

A

Force

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31
Q

involves moving a force through a distance. As an implement is pulled through the soil, the animal exerts a tractive force and as it moves across a field, it performs a?

A

Work

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32
Q

READ AND MEMORIZE

A

Conversion of Units
Length
1 km = 1000m
1 m = 100cm
1 m 3.28 ft
1cm = 10mm
Time
1 hr = 60 min
1 min = 60 s
1 hr = 3600 s
Work
1 N-m = 1 J
Mass
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
1 kg = 1000g
Force
1 N = 0.225 lbf
Power
1 J/s = 1 W
1 hp = 33 000 ft-lbf/min
1 hp = 0.746 kW

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33
Q

Human

A

It is the rate of work done by human per unit time. It comes primarily from human muscles. It is the lowest among the power sources. But it can perform some agricultural operations that requires low power requirement

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34
Q

How many hp of human available for useful work?

A

0.1 hp

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35
Q

Mechanical power is available through tractors and oil engines. It is obtained by way of using diesel engines and gasoline engines.

A

Heat Engines

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36
Q

used in converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.

A

Electric motors

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37
Q

Give the classifications of Electric motors

A

Alternating Current
Direct Current

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38
Q

efficiency is high, not affected by weather, can run at a stretch, requires less space

A

Heat engines

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39
Q

very cheap form of power, high efficiency, operating cost is very low, not affected by weather, conditions, generally, an electric motor performs more efficiently and for less when compared with other engines.

A

electric motor

40
Q

Naturally replenished at a constant rate. From the natural process that is continuously replenished. Energy that comes from natural resources. Examples: Solar Power, Wind Power, Hydropower, Biomass

A

Renewable Energy Source

41
Q

is renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals.

A

Biomass

42
Q

is obtained from the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power

A

Wind Power

43
Q

refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity.

A

Hydro Power

44
Q

another design of the wheel, provides faster speed and higher mechanical power solely for electric generation.

A

Turbine

45
Q

It produces enough electricity for large towns and extensive grid supplies. This produces more than 10 MW of power.

A

Full-scale hydro

46
Q

It provides power between 3-10 MW.

A

Small Hydro Power

47
Q

This provide a small contribution to the national grid and typically supply power from 300 kW to 10 MW.

A

Mini-Hydro

48
Q

This is a smaller hydro system than mini-hydro and generally do not contribute to national grid. This is used in remote areas where the power grid does not extend. It typically used to supply power for one rural industry or one rural community. Power range from up to 5kW to 300 kW.

A

Micro-hydro

49
Q

It provides power between 200 watts to 5kW.

A

Pico-hydro

50
Q

In this energy conversion system, the draft developed by animals is converted into useful work in crushing sugar cane to produce liquid juice.

A

Animal Power System

51
Q

In this conversion system, animal wastes are allowed to. undergo a decomposition process inside a digester for a certain period to produce a combustible gas, which is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

A

Biogas System

52
Q

In this energy conversion system, biomass is used as fuel to produce heat that converts water into steam inside a boiler.

A

Biomass Power Generation System

53
Q

In this energy conversion system, heat is provided by burning the biomass inside the combustion chamber of a furnace.

A

Biomass Thermal Production System

54
Q

In this conversion system, the human muscle is used as a source of power in doing tasks such as pumping water and other applications in agriculture.

A

Human Power System

55
Q

In this energy conversion system, fuel oil is used to provide mechanical power through combustion.

A

Internal Combustion Engine System

56
Q

In this conversion system, the kinetic energy of the wind is used to drive the rotor of the wind turbine which produces mechanical power that drives a generator to produce electricity.

A

Wind Turbine System

57
Q

In this conversion system, mechanical power is provided by an engine that drives a generator to produce electricity.

A

Electrical Generator System

58
Q

what fuel is used for a large scale unit?

A

Diesel fuel

59
Q

a fuel used for small uniy

A

gasoline

60
Q

this system, the solar energy in the form of light is captured in a cell made of crystalline material that converts light energy into electricity.

A

Solar Photovoltaic System

61
Q

In this system, the kinetic energy of flowing water is used to drive the wheel which provides power for grinding or lifting water.

A

Hydro Power system

62
Q

The power is transmitted from one shaft to the other using belts, chains, and gears

A

Power Transmission Drive

63
Q

are flexible members which are used where the distance between the two shafts is large.

A

belts and ropes

64
Q

also have flexibility but they are preferred for intermediate distances

A

chains

65
Q

are used when the shafts are very close to each other.

A

gears

66
Q

It is a flexible material that is banded on two or more pulleys where power is transmitted from the driver to the driven pulley.

A

Flat Belt

67
Q

Characteristics - Suitable for high speed drives, adaptable to dusty and abrasive environment, commonly used where center distances between pulleys are fairly long, longer life, high efficiency, low cost, and low maintenance, also applicable for short distance drive by using pivoted or spring actuated motor bases.

A

Flat belt

68
Q

It is a transmission system that consists of an endless flexible belt that transmits power by contacting and gripping the sheaves which are keyed to the shaft of a driving and the driven machine.

A

V-belt

69
Q

Characteristics – Suitable for long center-distance drive, ability to transfer heavy tensile load, usually used to transmit power between parallel shafts. In some cases, they can also be used for non-parallel drives, applicable for single or multiple sheaves.

A

V-belt

70
Q

are used to transmit the power from the belt to the shaft. They are generally made of cast iron.

A

Pulleys and sheaves

71
Q

suitable for flat belt drive.

A

Flat Pulley

72
Q

suitable for V-belt drive

A

Sheaves

73
Q

What are the Classification of Pulley and Sheave Hubs?

A

Split
Solid
Spokes

74
Q

What are the classifications of Belt Drive?

A

-According to Type of Drive
- Accprding to Number of Pulleys

75
Q

Give the different types of Drive

A
  1. Open Belt Drive
  2. Cross belt drive
  3. Quarter Turn Drive
76
Q

Pulley shafts are parallel with each other. Pulleys have the same direction. Shorter belt length. Smaller arc of contact of belt on two pulleys. Suitable for v-belt and flat belt drives.

A

Open Belt Drive

77
Q

Pulley shafts are parallel with each other. Pulleys direction are opposite. Requires longer belt length. Higher arc of contact of belt on pulleys. Suitable for flat belt drive or special type of v-belt.

A

Cross Belt Drive

78
Q

Pulley shafts are perpendicular with each other. Requires longer belt than open belt drive. Relatively higher arc of contact between belt and pulley. Suitable for flat belt or special type of v-belt.

A

Quarter Turn Drive

79
Q

Give the different drive according to number of pulleys

A

Drive with two pulleys
Drive with more than two pulleys

80
Q

are used to transmit power at high torque and low speed without slippage. This is the most important type for agricultural use. It is available in either single- or multiple-strand type.

A

Roller Chains

81
Q

Characteristics – It does not creep or slip. They maintain a positive speed ratio between the driver and the driven shafts. They are more physically compact than belt-drive. They require more accurate alignment of the shaft and the sprockets. Arc of contact is smaller for chains than for belts. They are more practical for low speed.

A

Roller Chain

82
Q

Give the types or Roller Chain

A

According to Number of Strands
-single strand
-multiple strand

83
Q

Materials – cast iron is commonly used in drives with large speed ratios. Smaller sprockets are usually made of steel. Stainless steel or bronze are for corrosion resistance. Formica, nylon, or other suitable plastic materials are for special conditions.

A

Sprockets

84
Q

Give the types of sprockets

A

Type A - Plain plate
Type B - Hub on one side
Type C - Hub on both sides
Type D - Detachable hubs

85
Q

It is the distance between adjacent joint members.

A

Chain Pitch

86
Q

It is the diameter of the pitch circle that passes through the centers of the link pins as the chain wrapped on the sprocket.

A

Pitch Diameter

87
Q

are tooth wheels used to transmit power and motion at a constant ratio from one rotating shaft to another using a positive contact of successively engaging teeth.

A

Gears

88
Q

They are the most durable and rugged of all the mechanical drives.

A

Gears

89
Q

What are the classification of Gears?

A

Classification
Spur
Helical
Herringbone
Plain Bevel
Spiral Bevel
Hypoid
Worm
Rack and Pinion
Internal

90
Q

A cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis.

A

Spur Gear

91
Q

It is the most common type of gear. Teeth are straight and parallel to shaft axis. It advantages are simple, low cost, and easy to maintain. Drawbacks are have less capacity and are noisier than other types.

A

Spur Gear

92
Q

cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational motion and power, between two parallel axes. It can carry more load than the equivalent size spur gear. Operates more smoothly and quietly. More costly than spur gears.

A

Helical Gears

93
Q

is similar to double helical gear.

A

Herringbone

94
Q

It provides a maximum reduction ratio for a given center distance. They are quiet and smooth action. They are used only for speed reduction. Cannot back-drive at ratios greater than 20:1. The contact area is large hence load capacity is high. Shafts are almost always at right angles.

A

Worm Gear

95
Q

plain bevel, spiral bevel) gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having intersecting axes. This is the simplest type of gear for intersecting shafts. It is commonly used for shaft intersecting at the right angle but can also be used for shaft mating at any angle. Gears are designed in pairs and thus are not always interchangeable. Supporting shaft and bearings must be rigid to maintain proper tooth contact.

A

Bevel Gear

96
Q

Bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they would intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward. This is the simplest type of gear for intersecting shaft. It is commonly used for shaft intersecting at right angle but can also be used for shaft mating at any angle. Gears are designed in pairs thus are not always interchangeable. Supporting shaft and bearings must be rigid to maintain proper tooth contact.

A

Straight

AB MACHINERY (8 decks)

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