Lecture 9 Flashcards
1
Q
The sequence of events includes seed germination, seedling emergence, and development to the stage where the seedlings could be expected to grow to maturity. (Murray, et al., 2006)
A
Crop Establishment
2
Q
is dependent on both the established population and the uniformity of spacing of plants within that population.
A
yield potential
3
Q
Factors to be considered in determining the optimum population and the spacing for a particular crop:
A
Distance between rows of plants
Spacing of plants within a row
4
Q
The pattern resulting from the random scattering of seeds on the soil surface.
A
Broadcast planting
5
Q
The pattern resulting from the random dropping (and subsequent covering) of seeds in furrows to give definite rows of
randomly spaced plants
A
Drill Planting
6
Q
The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of single seeds in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced single plants
A
Precision Drill Planting
7
Q
The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of groups (or hills) of seed in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced groups of plants
A
Hill Drop Planting
8
Q
The square-grid planting pattern resulting from the accurate and indexed placement (and subsequent covering of seed) of individual seeds or groups of seed. Individual plants, or groups of plants, are spaced equidistant apart and aligned in
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Check Row Planting
9
Q
The pattern resulting from placing single or multiple seeds in individual holes that have been‘punched’ or otherwise dug in the seedbed. As Figure shows, the holes are usually aligned to form rows of established plants.
A
Dibble or Punch Planting
10
Q
placing seedlings or groups of seedlings at about equal intervals in rows.
A
Transplanting
11
Q
is here considered to be any manually powered machine or any power-operated device used to place seeds, seed pieces, plant parts and seedlings in/on the soil for propagation and production.
A
Planting Equipment
12
Q
what are the design considerations?
A
- Size, which varies from small and large seeds to fine grass seeds/seedlings.
- Uniformity of shape and size, particularly important in single-seed metering.
- Shape, as it affects cell design and also flow characteristics of seed, seed pieces, and seedlings for feeding to the metering mechanism.
- Surface smoothness, which affects flow and cell filling.
- Resistance to injury from compression and abrasion by the metering mechanism.
13
Q
Planter Classification
A
- Number of rows planted by one pass
- Nature of the power source used
- Method of attaching the machine to the power source (if applicable)
- Based on the resultant planting
14
Q
The number of rows planted/holes punched per pass of the machine is directly related to how many furrow openers it has.
A
single row
five row
40 row,etc.
15
Q
Method of Attachment and the Type of Power Source
A
Human
Animal
Tractor powered
16
Q
Methods of attachment are those that typically see the planter
A
pulled by
pushed by or carried
pulled by the power source
17
Q
Human-powered planters can typically be categorized as being either:
A
- hand-held/carried
- pulled or pushed
18
Q
Animal-powered planters are typically categorized as:
A
pulled
19
Q
Tractor-powered planters can generally be categorized as being:
A
- Trailed
- semi-mounted
- front/mid/rear mounted
20
Q
Randomly distribute seed on the soil surface. As the seeds are deposited on the soil surface (i.e. not in furrows created by a furrow opener) an additional operation (e.g. harrowing) may be needed to cover seed
A
Broadcast Planter
21
Q
Randomly drop seeds in furrows to form definite rows of established plants. This type of planter uses a mass flow type seed meter and is extensively used for the establishment of both winter and summer crops where there is no need to place plants equidistant down the rows.
14-row, trailed, tractor-powered drill planter
A
Drill Planter
22
Q
accurately place single seeds or groups of seed almost equidistant apart along a furrow. They are typically used to plant crops that require accurate control of plant population, and spacing between and along the rows to achieve the yield potential under given environmental conditions.
A
Precision planters
23
Q
place a seed or a number of seeds in discrete holes, rather than furrows, dug in the seedbed. Typically, although not necessarily, the holes are equally spaced and aligned so as to form rows.
A
Dibble/Punch Planter
24
Q
Planter components can be grouped by function into the following categories:
A
- soil-engaging components
- furrow opener depth control components
- seed metering components
- seed delivery components
25
What are the classification of Planter Soil-Engaging Componets
(1) Soil and Residue Cutting Devices
(2) Row Preparation Device
(3) Furrow opening Devices
(4) Seed Firming Devices
(5) Seed Covering Devices
(6) Row Specific Seedbed Firming Devices
(7) Non Row Specific Seedbed Firming Devices
26
are primarily designed to cut soil and/or residue in the row area without significantly disturbing the seedbed.
Group 1 - Soil and Residue Cutting Devices
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Are primarily designed to alter surface residue and/or soil conditions to facilitate the operation of the planter’s furrow opening device or otherwise improve the prospects for crop establishment.
Group 2 - Row Preparation Devices
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The furrow opener is the specific device that opens the furrow into which the seed is placed.
Group 3 - Furrow Opening Devices
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are designed to press uncovered seed into the soil at the base of the seed furrow to improve seed/soil contact.
Group 4 - Seed Firming Devices
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are specifically designed to promote soil flow back into the furrow to cover the seed after placement and/or firming.
Group 5- Seed Covering Devices
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are designed to firm the soil that covers the seed in a furrow
Group 6 - Row Specific Seedbed Firming Devices
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are designed to firm and/or level the entire field surface, i.e. exert their influence over both the row area and the interrow space.
Group 7 - Non row Specific Seedbed Firming Devices
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are those devices that meter the seed from the seed box and deposit it into the delivery system that conveys the seed for placement on or in the seedbed
Seed metering devices
34
What are the classifications under Mass Flow Seed Metering Devices
a) Stationary opening type seed meters
b) External force feed type seed meters
i. Fluted roller types ii. Peg or studded roller types
c) Internal force feed type seed meter
d) Precision Seed Metering Devices
i. Plate type precision seed meters ii. Belt type precision seed meters iii. Pressurized drum type precision seed meters iv. Finger pickup type precision seed meters
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Simple device consisting of a seed box, an agitator and a variable sized outlet orifice. The orifice size is usually adjusted by sliding a plate that increases or decreases the size of an opening or by rotating a plate to expose a different orifice size.
Stationary Opening Type Seed Meters
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Stationary opening type seed meter using a (. ) to adjust the outlet size
sliding plate
37
employ a rotating member in the form of a fluted or a peg/studded roller to regulate seed flow from the seed box to the seed delivery system. In both cases, as the roller rotates the seed is moved and metered by the external surface of the roller
External Force Feed type Seed meters
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often referred to as double run seed meters, employ a rotating member in the form of a double-sided flanged disc. The width of the flange and the size of corrugations on their internal surface differ on each side of the disc, giving what is termed a fine and coarse side of the disc. As the disc rotates seed, directed to either the fine or coarse side of the disc (hence the term double run), is moved and metered by this corrugated internal surface of the flange
Internal Force Feed Type Seed Meters
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Unlike mass flow seed meters, precision meters attempt to meter single seeds. Classification largely depends on the design and/or shape of the principle moving element that enables seed singulation (i.e. the selection of single seeds from the seed lot)
Precision Seed Metering Devices
40
What are the types of Precising Seed Metering Devices?
1. Plate Type
2. Belt Type
3. Pressurized Drum Type
4. Finger pick-up type
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those that principally use a moving plate with indents, i.e. holes, cells or cups, around its periphery and metering performance is generally highly dependent on matching the size (length, breadth and thickness) of the indents to the size of the seed.
Plate Type
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similar to mechanical plate meters in the principle of operation but differ substantially in that the plate is replaced by a continuous rubberized belt of fixed width and thickness with holes, compatible to the seed size, equally spaced along its length.
Belt Type
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This type of precision seed meter typically consists of a seed box, a multi-row metering drum, a seed delivery manifold and a blower or fan unit to pressurise the drum and seed box and deliver the seed to the furrow.
Pressurized drum type
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was initially developed in an attempt to overcome the inconvenience of having to change the hole size and hence the plate, disc or drum every time a different seed size was to be metered.
Finger pick-up type
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include those devices that convey the seed from the meter to the device that deposits the seed on the soil surface or in the furrow.
Seed delivery systems
46
what are the types of seed delivery systems
1. gravity drop
2. mechanical assist
3. pneumatic
47
The seed simply falls through a cavity or a tube from the seed meter to the soil
Gravity Drop Seed Delivery Systems
48
it incorporate a mechanical device to assist in the delivery of seed from the seed meter to the seedbed.
Mechanically assisted seed delivery systems
49
used on multi-row planters fitted with a single centrally located seed box. The seed is metered into a delivery tube where it is conveyed by an air stream to individual furrow openers that are uniformly spaced across the full width of the machine.
Pneumatic seed distribution and /or delivery systems
50
Types of Pneumatic Seed Delivery Systems
1. Pneumatic Delivery Only Systems
2. Pneumatic Delivery and Division System
51
the seed is metered directly into the tube that delivers it to the furrow by airflow in the tube.
pneumatic delivery only system
52
form the basis of the so-called ‘air seeders’ which are available as discrete machines or as a planting attachment for tined tillage equipment, such as chisel plows and cultivators.
pneumatic delivery and division systems
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i.e. soil and residue cutting device; row preparation device; furrow opener; seed firming device; seed covering device; row specific seed firming device and non row specific seed firming/levelling device);
soil engaging components
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(i.e. frame section gauging or types within individual row gauging systems);
furrow opener depth control mechanisms
55
(i.e. specific types within mass flow or precision metering systems)
seed metering
56
(i.e. types within gravity drop, mechanical assisted or pneumatic delivery/division systems.
seed delivery and/or division system
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are those that do not plant seeds but rather whole plants (i.e. seedling transplanters), plant stems (e.g. sugar cane whole stick or set type planters) or tubers
(e.g. potato planters), etc
Specialized Planters
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TYPES OF POTATO DROPPING MECHANISMS
The Picker Wheel Drop
The Chain Cup Drop
59
consists of a picker wheel to which is attached from three to twelve picker arms.
picker wheel droppibg mechanism
60
Each picker head is equipped with two sharp picking points which pick out a single seed piece, carry it over to the front, and, as the arm starts downward in its rotation, release the seed or force it off the points, dropping it into the seed spout, which guides it into furrow made by furrow opener.
Picker Wheel Drop
61
consists of an upward-traveling chain to which cups are attached.
The cups are only large enough to pick up a single potato piece from the hopper.
On the downward travel of the chain, the potato seed piece is held on the back side of the up until it is dropped into the furrow.
Chain Cup Drop
62
This machine are used to save the labor and time of a farmer,
Used when large quantities of plants such as cabbage, tobacco, tomatoes and sweet potatoes are to be transplanted
These machine have a device to open a small furrow, a tank to supply water, and disks or blade for closing the soil over the fertilizer and about the plants
Transplanting machines
63
Principle of Operation : To actuate the machine, the farmer pulls the transplanter handle backward to its maximum limit. This action opens the seedling pickers. Next, as the handle is pushed downward through the feeding frame slots, each pair of picker fingers takes a small cluster of seedlings. The picker fingers continue down into the soil to a depth of 2-3 cm. The seedlings are released from the picker fingers by pulling the handle upward.
Rice Transplanter
-Mechanical Transplanter
64
This machine have a device to open a small furrow, a tank to supply water, and a disks and blades for closing the soil over the fertilizer and about the plants.
Vegetable Transplanter
-tractor mounted transplanter
65
turn the throttle clockwise to increase acceleration and counter clockwise to reduce.
throttle control lever
66
there are four gear settings; Reverse, Neutral Transplanting and Transport gear settings
Gear shift lever
67
The engine switch has three settings; On, Off and Lamp (lights on).
Engine switch
68
used to engage and disengage the planting mechanism of the transplanter.
Transplanting clutch lever
69
has three settings; (1) 70 hills per 3.3 m2, (2) 80 hills per 3.3 m2, and (3) 90 hills per 3.3 m2.
Hill space adjustment lever
70
used to start engine.
Recoil start knob
71
used for right and left turning on headlands.
Steering clutch levers
72
used to adjust the depth of planting. It has four settings and 12 combinations.
Planting depth adjuster
73
Preparation of Seedlings
It’s very important to have well established seedlings.
Watering seedling trays appropriately one day before transplanting.
74
Preparation of the field
• The surface of the field should be flat and even
• The optimum water depth is 0.5-2 cm
75
Transplanting – Order of operation
Starting the engine Check if fuel is filled up.
Check if engine oil is filled up.
Check if fuel filter valve is turned on.
76
Field Operation
To transfer the transplanter to the field, the machine’s body should be lifted to desired height using the hydraulic control lever.
After reaching the starting point on the field, the machine should be at its lowest position, that is, the hydraulic control lever is disengaged and floaters touch the surface of land.
Put seedlings on seedling rack and on reserve rack.
Set gear-shift lever to “transplanting” gear settings.
Engage the main clutch and drive machine to the field.
During turning on headlands, left and right steering clutch should be used to pivot the machine to required direction. Slightly lift the machine through the handle bars to facilitate turning.
During cold starting, pull the choke lever to turn it on, push to turn it off.
During normal starting, the throttle lever should be set to ½ settings.
Draw starter rope properly.
77
Supplying Seedlings
Use the extension of the seedling rack to optimize the use of the machine.
Removing of the seedlings mat from the seedling tray
Supplementing seedlings should be done when the seedling rack has already reached the left or right end of the machine.
78
is used to make planted seedlings in straight path. During transplanting, release the row marker on the side where the land is to be planted next . The line drawn by the row marker shall be followed through the surveyor’s pole.
Row marker
79
used to maintain the distance between the last row and transplanted row.
Side row guide
80
standard depth of planting is
2.6 cm
81
The number of seedlings planted per hill can be adjusted by variation of the grip area of the transplanting fork.
This can be done by using the seedling gripping adjustment lever.
The gripping width (the distance between each pin of the transplanting fork) is fixed at 13 mm while the length can be adjusted into nine different settings.
Mechanical adjustment
82
The length of grip at standard position is
11 mm
83
leave 4 – 8 rows on headlands which shall be covered at the end of the operation.
Transplanting pattern
84
The rows close to ridges shall be kept at a distance of
22-36 cm as much as possible
85
An automated rice transplanting system has been developed.
This study’s objective was to develop an automated operation system to make precise operation more efficient.
An Automated Rice Transplanter with RTKGPS and FOG
86
was used to locate the position
real-time kinematics GPS (RTKGPS
87
sensors to measure the direction and the inclination of the vehicle
fiber optic gyro (FOG)
88
The machine consists of a seedling tray, forks, handle and skids.
By pressing the handle, the forks pick-up the seedlings and plant them in 6 rows.
For every stroke of the handle the seedling tray moves side wards for uniform picking of seedlings by the forks.
The operator has to pull the machine while punching the handle at the desired spacing.
The row to row spacing is 200 mm
Planting can be done in 6 rows at a time.
Paddy Transplanter
89
It is a six-row rice transplanter using mat type seedlings.
The four row machine is a riding type and employs a double acting transplanting mechanism for enhanced transplanting speed and in turn high field capacity.
The double acting transplanting mechanism is run with, one sun and four planetary gears.
Self-Propelled Rice Transplanter
90
The machine has provision for adjustments of number of seedlings per hill, depth transplanting and hill-to-hill distance.
The depth of transplanting is maintained constant, automatically during transplanting.
The row-to-row spacing is 300 mm and five setting of hill to hill distance from 120 to 220 mm can be fixed depending on desired plant population.
The machine is provided with six spare seedling racks for filling of trays intermittently.
The machine is powered with a 12 hp air cool petrol engine and it is provided with power steering.
Depth of transplanting can be set from 15 to 45 mm.
Self-Propelled Rice Transplanter
91
It is a single wheel driven and fitted with diesel engine.
The machine is riding type and it transplants seedlings from mat type nursery in eight rows in a single pass.
The drive wheel receives power from the engine through V -belt, cone clutch and gearbox.
A propeller shaft from the gear box provides power to the transplanting, mechanism mounted over the float.
The float facilitates the transplanter to slide over the puddle surface.
The tray containing mat type nursery for rows is moved sideways by a scroll shaft mechanism, which converts rotary motion received from the engine through beltpulley, gear and universal joint shaft into linear motion of a rod connected to reaches the extreme position at one end.
Self-Propelled Rice Transplanter
92
Type of Self-propelled rice transplanter
Single wheel driven
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Length (mm)
2410 mm
94
width (mm)
2130 mm
95
height (mm)
1300 mm
96
engine (hp)
4.0, air cooled diesel
97
number of rows
8
98
row spacing (mm)
238 mm
99
Hill-to-hill spacing (mm)
100-200
100
Working speed (km/h)
1.5-2.0
101
Speed of travel on road (km/h)
8.24
102
Field capacity (ha/h)
0.13-0.20
103
Weight (kg)
320 kg
104
Planting Equipment Care and Maintenance
❖ Check the seed-metering system to determine if the system is suited to the type of seed being used.
❖ Calibrate the seed metering system to determine if the desired amount of seed is being placed in the soil.
❖ Check to determine if the seeds is being placed in the soil at the proper depth.
❖ Check to determine if the seeds are properly covered with soil.
❖ Check to determine if the press wheels are functioning properly.
❖ Check the performance of the attachments.
❖ Before storage at the end of planting season, check over entire machine.
❖ Make a list of any repair parts needed in order for replacements.
❖ Clean furrow openers and covering devices and apply grease or heavy oil to prevent rusting.
❖ Thoroughly clean seed hoppers and coat moving parts with heavy oil.
❖ Clean seed tubes.
❖ Any fertilizer attachments should be thoroughly cleaned and coated with oil inside and outside. Liquefied fertilizer tanks should be flushed out.
❖ Roller chains should be removed, tagged, and stored in a can of light oil.
❖ Detachable-link chains should be coated with oil.
❖ Remove rubber press wheels and store in shed.
❖ Store in a shed or cover with plastic or canvas sheets tied down tight.
