Lecture 5 - Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What is a Ganglion?

Answer 1

Collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS.

Question 2

Parasympathetic NS has (long/short?) preganglionic neurons and (long/short?) post ganglionic neurons.

Answer 2

Parasympathetic NS has LONG preganglionic neurons and SHORT post ganglionic neurons.

Question 3

Sympathetic NS has (long/short?) preganglionic neurons and (long/short?) post ganglionic neurons.

Answer 3

Sympathetic NS has SHORT preganglionic neurons and LONG post ganglionic neurons.

Question 4

What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?

Answer 4

Motor functions of the internal organs (smooth, cardiac muscle) and glands.

Maintains “homeostasis”.

Question 5

Normal HR of a dog?

Answer 5

60-140 bpm

Question 6

With the exception of skeletal muscle, innervation to all other organs is supplied by the ________.

Answer 6

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Question 7

Where are nerve terminals located?

Answer 7

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Question 8

Where are nerve terminals located?

Answer 8

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Question 9

The sympathetic nervous system comes out of the CNS via the _________.

Answer 9

Thoracic through lumbar regions of the spinal cord. “thoracolumber”

Question 10

The parasympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via the ________.

Answer 10

Cranial nerves and nerves exiting the spinal cord at the sacral level. “craniosacral”

Question 11

__________ neurons leave the brain or sacrum and synapse with the _________ located outside the target tissue. The ________ neuron then innervates the target tissue.

Answer 11

1. Long preganglionic parasympathetic
2. parasympathetic ganglia
3. short postganglionic

Question 12

Cholinergic neurons

Answer 12

Release acetyl choline (Ach).

All sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholinergic.

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic.

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate mostly sweat glands are cholinergic.

Parasympathetic line.

Question 13

Cholinergic receptors

Answer 13

Nicotinic receptors - present in postganglionitc neurons and motor endplate.
Fast responders

Muscarinic receptors - present in membrane of all effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands)
Slower responders

Question 14

Adrenergic neurons

Answer 14

Release norepinephrine (NE) and EPI, sympathetic neuron

Question 15

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 15

Alpha and beta receptors are on visceral effectors.

alpha1 & beta1 are excitatory
alpha 2 & beta2 are inhibitory
beta3 is on brown adipose tissue and is involved in thermogenesis.

Question 16

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer 16

Neurotransmitter and hormone.
Works on both alpha and beta receptors.
Increase heart, blood sugar levels, and blood vessels.

Question 17

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Answer 17

Neurotransmitter and hormone.
Only works on alpha receptors.
Increase heart, blood sugar levels, and blood vessels. Makes blood vessels narrower, increasing blood pressure.

Question 18

Sympathetic norepinephrine binds to __________, increasing Ca++ permeability, thus decreasing the time it takes to reach threshold. Na+ permeability may also be increased at the SA node.

Answer 18

beta receptors that increases the Ca++ channels

Question 19

Parasympathetic acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors on the heart muscle. Activation of ______________, thus making the cell hyperpolarize so it takes longer to reach threshold. Vagal stimulation is sided, the right vagus nerve inhibits the SA node while the left vagus nerve slows AV node conduction.

Answer 19

the muscarinic receptor causes opening of additional K+ channels

Question 20

Atenolol (b-blocker)

Answer 20

Decreases blood pressure

Question 21

Albuterol (b-agonist)

Answer 21

Opens the airways, heart failure

Question 22

Sympathomimetics

Answer 22

Mimic/agonist sympathetic function

Question 23

Sympatholytic

Answer 23

Block/antagonist sympathetic function

Question 24

Parasympathmimetics

Answer 24

Mimic/agonist parasympathetic function

Question 25

Parasympatholytic

Answer 25

Block/antagonist parasympathetic function

Question 26

The sympathetic discharge causes an almost instant response, but the response is _________ by the release of ________ & ________ from the adrenal medulla - these hormones in the circulation cause a __________.

Answer 26

1. prolonged
2. epinephrine & norepinephrine
3. prolonged response

Question 27

12 cranial nerves and their function (motor, sensory, both?)

Answer 27

Olfactory (I) - sensory
Optic (II) - sensory
Oculomotor (III) - motor
Trochlear (IV) - motor
Trigeminal (V) - both
Abducens (VI) - motor
Facial (VII) - both
Auditory (VIII) - sensory
Glossopharyngeal (IX) - both
Vagal (X) - both
Spinal Accessory (XI) - motor
Hypoglossal (XII) - motor

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