lecture 5 exam 1

Question 1

What are the 5 MAIN types of Cell adaptions?

Answer 1

Question 2

Occurs when the cell homeostasis is distorted by stresses or pathologic stimuli

Answer 2

cell adaption

Question 3

tendency to stability in the normal body states of the organism; it is the ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

Cell adaption that causes cells to decrease in size and/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached, cells are not dead, ↓ protein synthesis and ↑protein degradation in cells.

Answer 4

atrophy

Question 5

Name some causes of atrophy?

Answer 5

↓ workload

denervation

↓ blood supply or oxygen

inadequate nutrition

loss of endocrine stimulation

aging (Senescence)

Question 6

The cell adaptation in this picture of a larynx is described as unilateral left side is smaller and paler. What is the cell adaptation and what is this unilateral adaption allude to?

Answer 6

atrophy

unilateral alludes to denervation

Question 7

The left is normal and the right is an age realated cell adaption known as ____

Answer 7

atrophy

Question 8

decreased ACTH stimulation (steroid therapy) can cause what cell adaption?

Answer 8

atrophy

Question 9

what is an example of physiologic atrophy?

Answer 9

non-lactating mammary glands

Question 10

The hearts in the picture are the same age, which one is abnormal and which is normal? What is happening to the abnormal heart?

Answer 10

The left is abnormal. Serous atrophy of fat

Question 11

This bone has gone under what type of atrophy?

Answer 11

serous fat atrophy

Question 12

This hydrocephalus is due to increased CSF fluid causing what cell adaption?

Answer 12

cerebral cortex compression atrophy

Question 13

What is the difference between atrophy, hypoplasia, and aplasia?

Answer 13

Question 14

Increased size of cells and their functions. Synthesis of more organelles and structural proteins: bigger cells, more common in cells with little replication, stable or permanent cells: cardiomyocytes, neurons

Answer 14

hypertrophy

Question 15

This pregnant uterus is an example of physiologic ___

Answer 15

hypertrophy

Question 16

this thickened heart is due to

Answer 16

cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve dz

Question 17

cardiac hypertrophy (different causes/mechanisms)  limit beyond which enlargement of muscle mass is no longer able to cope with the increased burden several regressive changes occur in the myocardial fibers ( e.g. lysis and loss of myofibrillar contractile elements) extreme cases  myocyte death

Answer 17

heart failure

Question 18

true or false

cardiac hyperplasia is what is causing this heart to become enlarged

Answer 18

false

hypertrophy

Question 19

This disorganization of what type of muscle is a form of what type of cell adaption

Answer 19

heart muscle

hypertrophy

Question 20

Rounded enlarged heart =

Answer 20

hypertrophy

Question 21

Is there normal hyperplasia?

Answer 21

yes

physiologic (preg mammary glands)

compensatory (after hepactectomy)

Question 22

this is an example of what cell adaption in the epidermis?

Answer 22

hyperplasia

Question 23

True or false

This is diseased epidermis

Answer 23

false

this is normal epidermis

Question 24

True or false

This is an example of gingival hypertrophy

Answer 24

false

hyperplasia

Question 25

Metaplasia is a change in cell \_\_\_

Answer 25

phenotype

Question 26

Metaplasia happens most often in what type of cells

Answer 26

epithelial

Question 27

Chronic irritation in the lungs (smoking/pollution), Vit A defiency, estrogen toxicity, mammary tumors: make you think of what cell adaption

Answer 27

metaplasia

Question 28

true or false Squamous cell metaplasia

Answer 28

true

Question 29

What is a key concept that differentiates metaplasia from dysplasia?

Answer 29

dysplasia can only be seen microscopically NOT GROSSLY

Question 30

“Carcinoma in situ"

Answer 30

dysplasia

Question 31

What is the MDx of this lesion in a cat kidney

Answer 31

kidney stone in pelvis compressing it. atrophy by kidney nephrolithe w/ hydronephrosis cortical and medullary atrophy with medullary fibrosis diffuse

Question 32

This is an example of what type of cell adaption

Answer 32

hyperplasia

Question 33

A dogs enlarged prostate is probably due to which underlined mechanism?

Answer 33

hyperplasia

Question 34

Cryptospirdium in this snake stomach/GI causes what cellular mechanism?

Answer 34

hyperplasia

Question 35

This occurs when the lymphoid tissue of the cat stomach is chronically stimulated

Answer 35

hyperplasia

Question 36

True or false The liver of a dog (in this pic), but also the pancreas, thyroid, adrenal gland, and spleen proliferate cells that are not functioning. This hyperplasia is an abnormal pathology.

Answer 36

false it is a normal age related change

Question 37

What cellular mechanism is occuring in this dog kidney?

Answer 37

atrophy severe hydronephrosis

Question 38

Name the disease affecting this kidney

Answer 38

PKD polycystic kidney disease cystic renal disease