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Lecture 5 Slides Flashcards

0
Q

Hormones released by anterior pituitary

A 
TSH- thyroid
ACTH- adrenal cortex
FSH and LH- testes or ovaries
GH- entire body (growth hormone)
PRL (prolactin) - mammary glands
Endorphins- pain receptors in the brain
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1
Q

In hypothalamus, neuro secretory cell releases hormones into what to get to anterior pituitary!

A

Blood vessel

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2
Q

Cell types in anterior pituitary

A 
Corticotroph
Thyrotroph
Gonadotroph (FSH and LH)
Lactotroph (mammotroph)
Somatotroph
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3
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Corticotroph

A

Corricotropin (ACTH)

Basophil

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4
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Thyrotroph

A

Thyrotropin (TSH)

Basophil

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5
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

FSH gonadotroph

A

Follitropin (FSH)

Basophil

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6
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

LH-gonadotroph

A

Lutropin. (LH)

Basophil

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7
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Lactotroph

A

Prolactin

Acidophil

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8
Q

Hormone and staining characteristic:

Somatotroph

A

Growth hormone

Acidophil

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9
Q

Three types of human anterior pituitary hormones

A

Corticotropin-related peptide hormones
Glycoprotein hormones
Somatomammotropin hormones

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10
Q

Corticotropin-related peptide hormones

A

Single small peptides derived from common precursor

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11
Q

Glycoprotein hormones

A

Composed of two dissimilar peptides. The alpha chain is similar in structure or identical. The beta chain differs with each hormone and confers specificity.

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12
Q

Somatomammotropin hormones

A

Single peptide chains with two or three SS (disulfide) bonds; no carbohydrate

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13
Q

Four Corticotropin-related hormones of anterior pituitary

A

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH or alpha-melanotropin)
Corticotropin (ACTH)
Beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH)
Beta-endorphin (beta-LPH) 61-91

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14
Q

Glycoprotein hormones in anterior pituitary

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyrotropin

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15
Q

Somatomammotropin hormones

A

Prolactin

Growth hormone

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16
Q

Signaling systems of single chain proteins from anterior pituitary

A

ACTH - cAMP
GH- STAT
PRL - STAT

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17
Q

Signaling systems of anterior pituitary glycoproteins

A

LH, FSH, and TSH - all cAMP

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18
Q

STAT

A

Signal transduces and activator of transcription

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19
Q

CAMP

A

Cyclic adenosine 5’-monophosphate

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20
Q

Four parts of pituitary gland

A 
Pars distalis (anterior)
Pars intermedia
Pars nervosa
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21
Q

Hormones released by pars nervosa (posterior)

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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22
Q

Hormones released by pars intermedia

A

Basophils: ACTH and MSH

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23
Q

Hormones released by pars distalis

A

Acidophils: prolactin and GH

Basophils : TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH/ICSH

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24
How do hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?
Portal system
25
How do hormones travel from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
26
What is pars tuberalis
Between pituitary gland and hypothalamus
27
Which neuron communicates between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
Parvocellular neuron
28
Steps from parvocellular neuron to systemic circulation
``` Parvocellular neuron Axonal transport Median eminence (CRH, TRH, LHRH, GHRH, SS, DA) Long portal veins Anterior pituitary ACTH, TSH, LH/FSH, GH, PRL Systemic circulation ```
29
Hormones sent by hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
CRH, TRH, LHRH, GHRH, SS, DA
30
Hormones released by anterior pituitary
ACTH, TSH, LH/FSH, GH, PRL
31
Which neuron communicates between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Magnocellular neuron
32
Steps from mango cellular neuron to systemic circulation
Magnocellular neuron Axonal transport Posterior pituitary Systemic circulation
33
Hormones released by posterior pituitary
OT, AVP, NP
34
What are hypothalamic-hypophyseotropic nuclei
They represent a collection of various neurons with neuro endocrine function that lie in the lateral wall of the third ventricle
35
What sends axons to median eminence
Small-sized neurons. Hormones are stored in small vesicles in the terminals next to capillary plexus.
36
How do hormones leave median eminence
Hormones are released into the capillary network and carried to the anterior pituitary.
37
What are releasing factors? What do they regulate?
Individual hypothalamic hormones | Regulate specific anterior pituitary cell types
38
Anatomical evidence in support of portal-vessel chemo transmitter hypothesis
- blood flows to the anterior pituitary from the primary capillary plexus located in the median eminence - in contrast to the posterior pituitary, there is little secretomotor innervation of the anterior pituitary
39
Experimental evidence in support of portal-vessel chemo transmitter hypothesis
- lesions in the hypothalamus and median eminence produce atrophy of specific endocrine glands - electrical stimulation of localized regions in the anterior hypothalamus evokes secretion of specific anterior pituitary hormones. - transfection of the pituitary stalk, with the insertion of an impermeable barrier to prevent regeneration of the portal vessels, results in failure of gonadal, thyroid and adrenal function, and stunts growth - transplantation of anterior pituitary into a well-vascularized region remote from its original site fails to restore target organ function in hypophysectomized animals; however, replacement under the median eminence, so that the anterior pituitary becomes recascularized by the portal vessels, reverses the decline.
40
Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell Start with TRH, thyrotropin releasing hormone
TRH-paraventricular nuclei-TSH and prolactin-thyrotroph
41
Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell LHRH, Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
LHRH-anterior and medial hypothalamus; preoptic septal areas-LH/FSH-gonadotroph
42
Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell Corticotropin-releasing hormone
CRH-medial parvocellular portion of paraventricular nucleus-adrenocorticotropic hormone- corticotroph
43
Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell Growth hormone releasing hormone
GHRH-arcuate nucleus, close to median eminence- GH- somatotroph
44
Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell Somatostatin or growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Somatostatin- anterior paraventricular area-GH-somatotroph
45
Hypophysiotropic hormone-predominant hypothalamic nuclei-anterior pituitary hormone controlled-target cell Dopamine
Dopamine- arcuate nucleus- prolactin- lactotroph
46
cDNA sequence of TRH precursor encodes how big a protein
Of 255 aa
47
What sequence occurs five times in the cDNA sequence of the TRH precursor
Gln-His-Pro-Gly
48
In cDNA sequence, each tetra peptide is flanked by
paired basic residues (Lys Arg or Arg Arg)
49
TRH precursor generates how much TRH
Five TRH molecules from each precursor protein
50
Hormones released by hypothalamus (6)
GnRH, GHRH, SS, TRH, DA, CRH
51
GnRH is precursor to what from AP
FSH and LH (upregulates)
52
GHRH is precursor to what AP hormone
GH (upregulates)
53
SS is precursor to what AP hormone
GH (downregulates)
54
TRH is precursor to what AP hormone
TSH (upregulates)
55
DA is precursor to what AP hormone
Prolactin (downregulates)
56
CRH is precursor to what AP hormone
ACTH(upregulates)
57
Function of FSH and LH
Go to gonads Germ cell development Secrete hormones: female, estrogen and progesterone/male, testosterone
58
Function of GH
In liver and other cells : secrete IGF-I | Many organs and tissues: protein synthesis, carb and lipid metabolism
59
TSH function
Thyroid: secretes thyroxine and triidothyronine
60
Prolactin function
Breasts: breast development and milk production(in male may facilitate reproductive function)
61
ACTH function
Adrenal cortex: secretes cortisol
62
Physiological roles of ACTH (5)
- Corticotropin stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, adrenal androgens and in part mineralcorticoids - Corticotropin is a 39 amino acid peptide synthesized as a part of 241 AA precursor molecule pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) - processing of precursor is species and tissue specific - the first 18 AA of corticotrophin has full biological activity - ACTH receptor is a GPCR with cAMP secondary messenger
63
What controls ACTH secretion? When is it lowest and highest?
It is under circadian control. | Lowest at midnight, peaks in the morning and declines in afternoon
64
What stimulates ACTH release?
Hypothalamic CRH and vasopressin
65
What physiological issues stimulate ACTH release?
Stress, pain, fear, fever, and hypoglycemia
66
What do glucocorticoids released from adrenals influence by feedback control.
Pituitary corticotrophs, hypothalamic neurons, glucocorticoids swnsirice neurons of hippocampus
67
What kind of pattern does ACTH secretion have
Pulsatile
68
What causes Cushing syndrome
Excess of adrenal cortical function, often caused by pituitary corticotroph adenoma
69
What does excess of ACTH release cause
Increases adrenal hormone secretion (cortisol) without proper feedback effects
70
Clinical features of excess ACTH release
Weight gain Moon face Centripetal obesity Peripheral (arms/legs) myopathy, diabetes, etc.
71
Ehat does diagnosis of excess ACTH release involve
Measurements of the levels of ACTH and cortisol in circulation
72
What is TSH composed of
Two subunits (alpha and beta) with beta subunit providing specificity of the hormone
73
What is a hormone? What is required for its biological activity?
A glycoprotein | Sugar moieties are required
74
How is thyrotropin (TDH) released? When is it at highest and lowest levels?
Released in circadian fashion | Levels are highest at 8 PM, remain high at night and decline in the morning
75
How are TDH levels measures
By radioimmunoassay (RIA)
76
What receptor does TDH activate
7TM G-protein linked receptor
77
Major early stimulator effects of TSH on thyroid follicular cells
Adenylate Cyclase Endocytosis of colloid Mitochondrial respiration and cell metabolism
78
Major late stimulators effects of TSH on thyroid follicular cells
Iodide uptake Protein synthesis DNA replication and mitotic activity
79
Two inactivating mutations in TSH receptor
Del AC 655 | G-->C + 3IVS6
80
What do receptors for TSH, FSH and LH have in common
An exceptionally large N-terminal domain
81
Four disorders of the thyrotropin
- TSH deficiency due to mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit - human thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin binding to TSH receptor of thyroid gland - Hashimoto's thyroiditis - mutation in gene encoding TSH receptor

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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