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Endocrinology > Lecture Three Intro To Pituitary > Flashcards

Lecture Three Intro To Pituitary Flashcards

0
Q

FSH LH secretions in gonads

A

FSH LH testis - testosterone
Ovary
FSH - estrogen
LH- progesterone

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1
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A 
ACTH- adrenal cortex
TSH- thyroid
FSH/LH- gonads
Prolactin - mammary glands
GH - muscle, adipose tissue, bone
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2
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone so

A

Oxytocin - uterus and mammary gland

Vasopressin - kidney

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3
Q

Five hypothalamic functions

A 
Temperature regulation
Neuro endocrine control
Appetitive behavior
Defensive reactions
Control of body rhythms
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4
Q

Temperature regulation afferent so and integrating areas

A

Temp receptors in skin, deep tissues, spinal cord, hypothalamus, and other parts of the brain

Anterior hypothalamus, response to heat;
Posterior hypothalamus response to cold

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5
Q

Neuro endocrine control of seven things

A 
Catecholamines
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
TSH via TRH
ACTH via CRH
FSH and LH via GnRH
Prolactin via PIH AND PRH
GH via somatostatin and GHRH
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6
Q

Catecholamines afferents and integrating areas

A

Limbic areas concerned with emotion

Dorsal and posterior hypothalamus

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7
Q

Vasopressin afferents and integrating areas

A

Osmose rotors, volume receptors, others

Supra optic and paraventricular nuclei

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8
Q

TSH afferents and integrating areas

A

Temp receptors in infants, perhaps others

Paraventricular nuclei and neighboring areas

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9
Q

Oxytocin afferents and integrating area

A

Touch receptors in breasts, uterus and genitalia

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10
Q

ACTH afferents and integrating area

A

Limbic system, reticular formation, hypothalamic and anterior pituitary cells sensitive to circulating blood cortisol levels, suprachiasmatic nuclei

Paraventricular nuclei

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11
Q

FSH and LH afferents and integrating area

A

Hypothalamic cells sensitive to estrogens, eyes, touch receptors in skin and genitalia of reflex ovulating species

Preoptic area, other areas

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12
Q

Prolactin afferents and integrating area

A

touch receptors in breasts, other unknown receptors

Arcuate nucleus, other areas (hypothalamus inhibits secretion)

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13
Q

GH afferents and integrating area

A

Unknown receptors

Peri ventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus

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14
Q

Thirst afferents and integrating area

A

Osmoreceptors, probably located in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis; angiotensin II in the subfornical organ

Lateral superior hypothalamus

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15
Q

Hunger afferents and integrating area

A

Glucostat cells sensitive to rate of glucose utilization; leptin receptors; receptors for other polypeptides

Ventromedial, arcuate, and paraventricular nuclei; lateral hypothalamus

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16
Q

Sexual behavior afferents and integrating area

A

Cells sensitive to circulating estrogen and androgen, others

Anterior ventral hypothalamus plus in the male, piriform cortex

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17
Q

Defensive reactions (rage, fear) afferents and integrating area

A

Sense organs and neocortex
Paths unknown

Diffuse, in limbic system and hypothalamus

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18
Q

Control of body rhythms afferent and integrating area

A

Retina retinohypothalamic fibers

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

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19
Q

Where does pituitary develop

A

From diencephalon and ectodermal region from the roof of the mouth

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20
Q

Rathke’s cyst

A

Benign tumor in pituitary gland

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21
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized

A

In the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, respectively

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22
Q

Hypothalamoneurohypophysial tract

A

Axons that transport vasopressin and oxytocin, along with neurophysin, from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

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23
Q

Where are oxytocin and vasopressin released

A

At the axon terminals

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24
Fenestrated capillaries
Derived from inferior hypophysial artery. What released oxytocin and vasopressin enter as they leave axon terminal
25
What makes up the neurohypophysis
Median eminence Infundibular process Pars nervosa (neural lobe)
26
Herring body
Neuro secretory bodies in posterior pituitary. Represent terminal end of axons from the hypothalamus
27
Pituicyte
Glial cells of the posterior pituitary. Their main role is to assist in the storage and release of neurohypophysial hormones
28
Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary
29
Why are capillaries of neurohypophysis fenestrated
To permit diffusion of secretions into circulation
30
Glial Fibrillary acidic protein
Intermediate filament protein characteristic of astrocytes
31
How do hormones travel down axon
In neuro secretory granule containing the neurophysin-hormone complex
32
Is axon between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary myelinated
No
33
Synthesis and processing steps of neural lobe hormones
(ER) pre-hormone Pro hormone Neuro secretory granule (NSG) Neurophysin + hormone
34
Prehormone happens where
Protein synthesis; Magnicellular neuron ribosomes
35
Prohormone
Glycosylation and membrane packaging; Magnicellular neuron Golgi apparatus
36
Neuro secretory granule
Transport down supraopticohypophyseal tract as osmotic ally inactive granules
37
Neurophysin plus hormone
Storage in posterior pituitary; cleavage within NSG
38
Where does oxytocin act
Myoepithelial cells of mammary glands | Uterus
39
What some oxytocin cause in Myoepithelial cells
Milk ejection
40
What causes positive feedback to hypothalamus for oxytocin in mammary glands
Suckling
41
What does oxytocin do in uterus
Cervical dilatation via uterine contractions that lead to labor
42
What in uterus provides positive feedback to hypothalamus on oxytocin
Uterine contractions
43
Where is oxytocin synthesized in neuron
Paraventricular neuron
44
What is role of oxytocinase
Decreases the plasma level of oxytocin
45
What do progesterone and relaxin do during pregnancy to the myometrium
Decrease its intrinsic contractility
46
What happens to oxytocin levels during parturition
They increase dramatically
47
When is binding of oxytocin maximal
During labor
48
How does oxytocin bind in mammary gland
Gradual increase during pregnancy with maximal binding during lactation
49
Ptocin
Synthetic oxytocin used in obstetrics to induce labor and maintain progression and reduce post partum bleeding
50
Oxytocin cycle in uterine contractions
Oxytocin released by posterior pituitary Causes uterine contraction Baby's head pushed downward Cervical stretch Cervical stretch provides positive feedback to posterior pituitary about oxytocin, to uterus to contract Uterine contraction causes uterus to release prostaglandins
51
What kind of receptor is oxytocin receptor
G protein coupled
52
What are the second messengers of oxytocin receptor
Calcium DAG IP3
53
Why is calcium required in cell
For calmodulin binding in smooth muscle of uterus and activation of specific kinase in the smooth muscle
54
What does activation of kinase result in
Smooth muscle cell contractility
55
What does calcium-calmodulin combo activate
Myosin light chain kinase that causes contraction of smooth muscle
56
How does oxytocin affect ACTH
It has an inhibitory effect on ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary
57
What behavior does oxytocin regulate
Maternal behavior
58
What part of hypothalamus regulates female mating behavior. What does it express
The ventromedial nuclei, which express oxytocin receptors regulated by estrogen
59
What happens to oxytocin levels during human sexual arousal
Plasma oxytocin levels are elevated
60
How do oxytocin and vasopressin regulate social behavior
They may regulate social recognition such as "pair bonding" and social interaction such as trust among group of individuals

Endocrinology (21 decks)

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