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MEDS 527 : Zoonotic Final > Lecture 5: Tapeworms > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Tapeworms Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is the name given to a class of parasitic flatworms, commonly called tapeworms

A

Cestodes

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2
Q

Cestodes are live in the _______ of vertebrates

A

digestive tract

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3
Q

T/F

1000 species belong to the Cestodes class of parasites wide a wide range of animal hosts

A

True

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4
Q

Life cycle of Echinococcosis involves what number of mammalian hosts

A

2

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5
Q

______ are the definitive hosts of Echinococcosis

A

Carnivores

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6
Q

___________ harbor the adults which shed eggs within their feces

A

“Definitive hosts”

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7
Q

Eggs hatch when ingested by ________ hosts, including goats sheep cattle

A

intermediate

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8
Q

Life cycle of Echinococcosis

completed when ______________

A

definitive hosts reingest the organ tissue of intermediate hosts which contain eggs aka cysts

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9
Q

Disease caused by Echinococcosis is caused by how many species in humans?

A

four species in humans

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10
Q

What are the two most common species of Echinococcosis in humans?

A

E granulosus and E multilocularis are most common

- Causes cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis respectively

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11
Q

What are the two least common species of Echinococcosis in humans?

A

E vogeli and E oligarthrus are also pathogenic but are much less common in humans

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12
Q

_______ forms are referred as hydatid cysts and the diseases caused by them are commonly referred as cystic, alveolar, or polycystic hydatid disease

A

Metacestode (larval)

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13
Q

Metacestode (larval) refer to ______________

A

hydatid cysts and the diseases caused by them are commonly referred as cystic, alveolar, or polycystic hydatid disease

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14
Q

The fully grown metacestode in E. granulosus is typically ____________

A

fluid filled and unilocular

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15
Q

T/F

In humans the slowly growing hydatid cysts many contain many liters of fluid and thousands of protoscolices

A

True

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16
Q

E. Granulosus causes ____________

A

cystic Echinococcosis

This form is most frequently encountered

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17
Q

E. Granulosus is distributed

A

worldwide

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18
Q

E. Granulosus is most frequently in what areas?

A

Areas of rural side where sheep raising occurs

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19
Q

E. Granulosus is how long and has what features?

A

3-mm

Rostellum contains 28-50 hooks

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20
Q

Definitive host of E. Granulosus

A

Dogs and other carnivore

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21
Q

Intermediate host of E. Granulosus

Study These Flashcards
A

Sheep, goats, camels, horses, cattle

22
Q

Incidental host of E. Granulosus

Study These Flashcards
A

Human (do not play a role in transmission)

23
Q

T/F

A heavily infected dog may have as many as 40,000 tapeworms and each worm sheds 1000 eggs every 2 weeks

Study These Flashcards
A

True

Eggs can adhere to hair around dog anus and also around the muzzle of the

24
Q

T/F

Eggs can survive on pasture > 1 year and survive scorching temperatures

Study These Flashcards
A

F

Eggs can survive on pasture > 1 year and survive FREEZING temperatures

(Die off after a few hours of direct sunlight)

25
Describe life cycle of E. Granulosus
1. Adult worm inhabits small intestine of definitive host 2. Following egg ingestion by the intermediate or incidental host, eggs hatch and penetrate the intestinal mucosa and enter the blood stream 3. A few days later, cysts start to form and grow with time
26
E. multilocularis causes _________ that looks like alveoli
alveolar Echinococcosis | Can travel to any part of the body, like cancer and are 1.2 mm-3.7 mm long
27
Definitive and intermediate Host of E. multilocularis
Definite host: mainly foxes but dogs, cats, coyotes and wolves also Intermediate Host: small rodents
28
E. multilocularis is found in what geographical type of countries?
Mostly found in northern countries, cooler temperature countries (Associated with dogs feeding on infected rats)
29
T/F | Clinical manifestations of Echinococcus are similar.
False Clinical manifestations are highly variable - Depends on the organs involved and surrounding organs - Size of the cysts at time of presentation
30
T/F There are no immunological reactions to the parastic antigens of Echinococcus
False - Immunological reactions to the parasitic antigens - Noticed once the lesions start to cause discomfort/pain - Typically presents with RUQ pain and liver symptoms
31
Typically Echinococcus presents with RUQ pain and _____ symptoms
liver
32
Diagnosis in the definitive host is difficult by ordinary microscopy because it looks similar to what eggs
Taenia and Echinococcus eggs
33
What is the best diagnosis for Echinococcosis
Detection of antigens in feces or form the fluid of cysts by ELISA is currently the best available technique (Newer techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is also used to identify the parasite from DNA isolated from eggs or feces) (Requires radiographic imaging as well)
34
What is the best treatment for Echinococcosis
- Surgery is usually necessary to clear the lesion | - Antiparasitic treatment with albendazole given before surgery
35
What antiparasitic is given for echinococcosis
Albendazole (Treatment is for 3-6 months For E. multilocularis treatment can be > 2years- HARDER TO TREAT)
36
Cysticercosis is caused by what tapeworm
Taenia solium
37
Cysticercosis is causes what 2 types of syndromes?
1. Neurocysticercosis | 2. Extraneural cysticercosis
38
Estimated that _____people world wide are infected with cysticercosis/taenia solium
50 million | many cases subclinical
39
Cysticercosis/taenia solium is endemic in what regions?
many regions of Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Asia
40
T/F Estimated that there were 18,584 hospitalizations for neurocysticercosis in the United States between 2003 and 2012
True - Travel increases risk - Household contacts 3x as likely to develop the disease
41
T/F Household contacts 3x as likely to develop cysticercosis
True
42
Lifecycle and transmission of cysticerscosis
1. Cysticercosis is transmitted by the ingestion of T. solium eggs in human stool 2. They then hatch in the small intestine, invade the wall and disseminate 3. Tissue cysticerci develop Membranous walls filled with fluid and an invaginated scolex
43
The larvae of taenia solium get into tissues and form cysts they are called
Cysticerci (Evade the immune system via various mechanisms and do not cause symptoms After many years, they degenerate and symptoms arise The area where they are present can calcify)
44
Neurocysticercosis is caused by the cyst formation in the _____ and is a major cause of _______
brain; seizures | Most common symptom is seizures (major cause of epilepsy in developing regions
45
Neurocysticercosis can resemble ________ when an edema forms near the brain
encephalitis
46
T/F Disease severity of neurocysticerosis is not linked to number of cysts
False Disease severity linked to number of cysts
47
Define the different catergories of criteria for diagnosis of neurocysticerosis?
1. Epidemiologic - Evidence of exposure 2. Minor - Compatible lesions on neuroimaging studies, clinical manifestions, and positive ELISA for antibodies 3. Major - Lesions that are highly suggestive of neurocysticercosis, positive antibodies, resolution of intracranial cystic lesions after therapy with albendazole or praziquantel 4. Absolute - Histologic demonstration of parasite via biopsy of brain or spinal cord lesion, visualization of scolex on CT or MRI, direct visuation of parasite via funduscopic examination
48
What would be definitive vs probable diagnosis of neurocysticerosis?
Definitive: 1. 1 absolute 2. 2 major + 1 minor + 1 epidemiologic criteria Probable: 1. 1 major + 2 minor 2. 1 major + 1 minor + 1 epi 3. 3 minor + 1 epi
49
What are the eight nterventions for the control of T. solium can be used in different combinations designed on the basis of the context in the countries:
1. Mass drug administration for taeniasis 2. identification and treatment of taeniasis cases 3. health education, including hygiene and food safety 4. improved sanitation; 5. improved pig husbandry; 6. anthelmintic treatment of pigs (Oxfendazole at doses of 30 mg/kg – commercially produced and registered for the treatment of cysticercosis in pigs); 7. vaccination of pigs (TSOL18 vaccine – commercially available); and 8. improved meat inspection and processing of meat
50
What is being done in Madagascar to address Taenia solium
One of the main interventions is large-scale treatment of all eligible individuals

MEDS 527 : Zoonotic Final (6 decks)

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