Lecture 7: Animal Bites Flashcards
(69 cards)
T/F Infection rates for dog bites are higher than cat bites.
False
cats: 37.1 %
dogs: 14.6%
T/F Up to 1/5 of bites become infected
True
The predominant pathogens in animal bite wounds are the ___ flora of the biting animal and human ___ flora
oral
skin
85 percent of bites harbor potential pathogens, and the average wound yields ____ (number) types of bacterial isolates
five
What are some key steps to wound care management for animal bites?
- irrigate wounds copiously with sterile saline
- remove grossly visible debris
- Surgical evaluation of animal bite wounds is critical, especially for wounds involving the hand
- Debrided material should be sent for aerobic and anaerobic culture
- Infected animal bite wounds should be left open following debridement
- primary closure is appropriate for facial bite wounds, large lacerations, and disfiguring wounds
The Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on skin and soft tissue infections recommends prophylaxis after dog or cat bites in the following groups of patients
(1) are immunocompromised
(2) are asplenic
(3) have advanced liver disease
(4) have preexisting or resultant edema of the affected area
(5) have moderate-to-severe injuries, especially to the hand or face
(6) have injuries that may have penetrated the periosteum or joint capsule adjacent to bones or joints, or wounds in certain immunocompromised hosts (e.g., splenectomy).
What is the prophylactic treatment for animal bites?
Augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate)
-give tetanus booster and eval for rabies need as well
T/F sporting dogs account for many dog bites, while German shepherd and mixed breeds are commonly implicated
False
German shepherd and mixed breeds are responsible for many bites
_____ species are isolated from 50 percent of dog bite wounds
Pasteurella
Dog bites typically cause ____ injuries, while cat bites cause ____ injuries
crush and laceration injuries
deep puncture injuries
T/F More cat bites, about 50%, are likely to become infected than dog bites, about 15-20%.
True
What three species are most commonly isolated from dog bites?
Pasteurella, Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal species
T/F Cats register relatively fewer bites per year than dogs, but cat bites are more dangerous
True
_____ spp. are the most common pathogen found in cat bites.
Pasteurella
T/F Komodo dragons wiped out water buffalo populations due to high amounts of bacteria in their saliva.
False; the water buffalo died out for two reasons: they are not native to Komodo and ran into stagnant water after being bitten by a Komodo dragon
T/F Alligator bites were tested to identify species prevalent in their oral flora. Researcher found Aeromonas hydrophila and anaerobic species such as Clostridium. None of the fungi found caused wound infection.
True
Pasteurella are _____ coccobacilli that inhabit the ___ cavity and gastrointestinal tract of many animals
gram-negative
oral
Pasteurella multicoda can cause
- septicemia
- pneumonia
- Bone and joint infections (septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and combined arthritis and osteomyelitis)
- Meningitis (rare)
- endocarditis
Pasteurella ______ is distributed world wide in the mouths of animals everywhere and colonizes the upper respiratory tract of many animals
multicoda
T/F Mechanisms for pathogenicity of Pasteurella multicoda are unclear. However, the bacteria produces a toxin and has an LPS that can aid pathogenicity.
True
Most common clinical presentation of Pasteurella multicoda is
a skin/soft tissue infection
Treatment for Pasteurella multicoda
Penicillins with good in vitro activity include penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (augmentin)
Capnocytophaga can be broken down into what five major categories?
(1) septicemia
(2) diseases of the central nervous system (CNS)
(3) eye infections
(4) illnesses associated with pregnancy
(5) miscellaneous complications, including infections of bone and tissue
T/F Capnocytophaga is found in the oral cavity and can cause gingivitis in humans
True