Flashcards in Lecture 7: Animal Bites Deck (69)
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1
T/F Infection rates for dog bites are higher than cat bites.
False
cats: 37.1 %
dogs: 14.6%
2
T/F Up to 1/5 of bites become infected
True
3
The predominant pathogens in animal bite wounds are the ___ flora of the biting animal and human ___ flora
oral
skin
4
85 percent of bites harbor potential pathogens, and the average wound yields ____ (number) types of bacterial isolates
five
5
What are some key steps to wound care management for animal bites?
-irrigate wounds copiously with sterile saline
-remove grossly visible debris
-Surgical evaluation of animal bite wounds is critical, especially for wounds involving the hand
-Debrided material should be sent for aerobic and anaerobic culture
-Infected animal bite wounds should be left open following debridement
-primary closure is appropriate for facial bite wounds, large lacerations, and disfiguring wounds
6
The Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on skin and soft tissue infections recommends prophylaxis after dog or cat bites in the following groups of patients
(1) are immunocompromised
(2) are asplenic
(3) have advanced liver disease
(4) have preexisting or resultant edema of the affected area
(5) have moderate-to-severe injuries, especially to the hand or face
(6) have injuries that may have penetrated the periosteum or joint capsule adjacent to bones or joints, or wounds in certain immunocompromised hosts (e.g., splenectomy).
7
What is the prophylactic treatment for animal bites?
Augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate)
-give tetanus booster and eval for rabies need as well
8
T/F sporting dogs account for many dog bites, while German shepherd and mixed breeds are commonly implicated
False
German shepherd and mixed breeds are responsible for many bites
9
_____ species are isolated from 50 percent of dog bite wounds
Pasteurella
10
Dog bites typically cause ____ injuries, while cat bites cause ____ injuries
crush and laceration injuries
deep puncture injuries
11
T/F More cat bites, about 50%, are likely to become infected than dog bites, about 15-20%.
True
12
What three species are most commonly isolated from dog bites?
Pasteurella, Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcal species
13
T/F Cats register relatively fewer bites per year than dogs, but cat bites are more dangerous
True
14
_____ spp. are the most common pathogen found in cat bites.
Pasteurella
15
T/F Komodo dragons wiped out water buffalo populations due to high amounts of bacteria in their saliva.
False; the water buffalo died out for two reasons: they are not native to Komodo and ran into stagnant water after being bitten by a Komodo dragon
16
T/F Alligator bites were tested to identify species prevalent in their oral flora. Researcher found Aeromonas hydrophila and anaerobic species such as Clostridium. None of the fungi found caused wound infection.
True
17
Pasteurella are _____ coccobacilli that inhabit the ___ cavity and gastrointestinal tract of many animals
gram-negative
oral
18
Pasteurella multicoda can cause
-septicemia
-pneumonia
-Bone and joint infections (septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and combined arthritis and osteomyelitis)
-Meningitis (rare)
-endocarditis
19
Pasteurella ______ is distributed world wide in the mouths of animals everywhere and colonizes the upper respiratory tract of many animals
multicoda
20
T/F Mechanisms for pathogenicity of Pasteurella multicoda are unclear. However, the bacteria produces a toxin and has an LPS that can aid pathogenicity.
True
21
Most common clinical presentation of Pasteurella multicoda is
a skin/soft tissue infection
22
Treatment for Pasteurella multicoda
Penicillins with good in vitro activity include penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (augmentin)
23
Capnocytophaga can be broken down into what five major categories?
(1) septicemia
(2) diseases of the central nervous system (CNS)
(3) eye infections
(4) illnesses associated with pregnancy
(5) miscellaneous complications, including infections of bone and tissue
24
T/F Capnocytophaga is found in the oral cavity and can cause gingivitis in humans
True
25
_______ appear as thin to slender gram-negative bacilli with tapered ends
Capnocytophaga
26
The zoonotic species C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity of __ and ___ (animals)
dogs and cats
27
Between 21% and 58% of dogs harbor C. ____ in their oral cavity. Most life-threatening illnesses associated with these two zoonoses are attributed to C. ____ (>90%), which seems to have a higher predilection for causing serious disease than C. cynodegmi
canimorsus
28
T/F Only children have animal- associated Capnocytophaga
False, adults
29
T/F Human-associated Capnocytophaga has an association with hematologic malignancies in humans such as Leukemia and lymphoma.
True
30
T/F Humans have Capnocytophaga in their normal flora.
True
31
What is aprominent diagnostic feature, found in 20% to 40% of cases of C. canimorsus septicemia?
a rash that may vary from a macular or maculopapular eruption to a more severe and rapidly fatal form, such as purpura fulminans with petechial lesions, retiform purpura, or symmetrical gangrene
32
T/F The overall gross case-fatality rate for C. canimorsus septicemia varies from 13% to 33%, but mortality rates can approach 60% to 80% in those with septic shock and multiorgan failure
True
33
An individual infected with C. canimorsus would likely present with ____ followed by ____
Septic shock
meningitis
34
C. canimorsus can be treated with
-all extended spectrum penicillins
-Antibiotic prophylaxis with augmentin for five days following a dog bite is appropriate for patients at highest risk (including patients who are asplenic, alcoholic, receiving corticosteroids, or otherwise immunocompromised)
35
T/F Human bites generally have fewer complications and infection rates than animal bites
false; higher
36
What is the third most common after dog and cat bites?
Human bites
37
In addition to bacteria, human bites can also lead to transmission of
-HIV
-Hep B
-Hep C
38
Bites to the ___ are often deep and more frequently become infected than do bites to other areas
hand
39
_____, especially Streptococcus anginosus, are the most common wound isolates in human bites
Viridans streptococci
40
T/F S. aureus infection occurs in 30% to 40% of wounds and is usually present in patients who present 3 to 4 days after the injury
True
41
Human wound bite management includes:
-A Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic cultures before administering therapy
-Wounds should be irrigated and, if necessary, surgically débrided and diagrammed or photographed
-immobilization of the affected area, including splinting if necessary, and elevation should be instituted.
42
Why is immobilization of a bite wound important?
-moving can spread pathogen/infection
-Disrupts healing factors recruited to the wound area
43
____ is the most common human bite wound.
It is characterized as traumatic lacerations that occur when one person strikes another in the mouth with a clenched fist.
These are often ignored then presentwith really bad infections. Prophylaxis with ___
Fite bite
augmentin
44
Eikenella corrodens is found in human ___ flora and is a significant cause of ___ in patients with down syndrome. In a lab it can be grown on ____.
oral
gingivitis
chocolate agar
45
Bartonella henslae causes what disease?
cat scratch fever
46
T/F Serologic studies indicate that infection of B. henselae in domestic cats is worldwide
True
47
The major arthropod vector of B. henselae is
the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis
48
T/F Infected cats can directly pass on B. henselae
True
49
What is the life cycle of B. henselae?
1. Eggs shed by female flea into environment
2. Eggs hatch
3. Larvae form pupae
4. Adults hatch from pupae
5. Cat becomes with Bartonella from skin abrasions, scratches or flea bites
6. Humans get infected from cats
50
The symptoms of cat scratch fever include
-Low-grade fever may be present
-A papule or pustule at the inoculation site
-Enlarged, tender lymph nodes that develop 1–3 weeks after exposure on the same side as the bite (most common symptom)
51
T/F Node enlargement usually persists for 2 to 4 months but may last considerably longer; spontaneous resolution is the rule, regardless of whether the patient is treated with antibiotics
True
52
Cat Scratch Fever is treated with
azithromycin
53
Why might knowing the epidemiology be important for Cat Scratch Fever diagnosis?
It needs to be differentiated from the plague
54
______ species are anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci
and part of the normal mouth, gastrointestinal, and urogenital flora in humans.
_____ species have been isolated from skin, dental, and respiratory tract infections where they are often part of a mixed flora.
Veillonella
55
Rarely, Veillonella can cause serious infections like
meningitis, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis
56
Veillonella and Prevotella melaninogenica as a are particularly abundant in ____ and on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the ___
saliva
tongue
57
T/F Heroin use is far more likely to lead to tricuspid valve infection than use of methamphetamines or cocaine
True
58
How might heroin use lead to endocarditis? How might it affect breathing?
-heroin leads to elevated pulmonary pressure due to respiratory suppression, which, in turn, causes tricuspid regurgitation, abnormal blood flow with eddy currents, and subsequent IE.
-Won’t breath as frequently or deeply --> backflow into heart into tricuspid region
59
T/F methamphetamines and cocaine cause a dramatic increase in systemic afterload that leads to mitral and aortic valve regurgitation (retro flow in valve from pressure buildup)
True
60
T/F The same bacteria that causes cat scratch fever and trench fever cause Bacillary Angiomatosis.
true
B. henslae (cat scratch) or B. quintana (trench fever)
61
T/F Bacillary Angiomatosis only impacts the skin
False
unique vascular lesions that most frequently involve the skin, but can affect other organs, such as the respiratory tract, bone, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and brain
62
What are some presentations commonly seen with Bacillary Angiomatosis?
diverse appearance of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions including maculopapular eruptions, pedunculated or polypoid lesions-cauliflower look, hyperkeratotic (eczema like) or indurated plaques, and nodules with or without ulceration
63
T/F Bacillary Angiomatosis may cause lesions that resemble Kaposi’s sarcoma and verruga peruana and is associated with end stage HIV/AIDS
True
64
T/F A person with Bacillary Angiomatosis first develops small red to purple papules that may gradually expand into large pedunculated lesions or nodules that may become friable
True
65
T/F Bartonella enter the lymph and infects lymph nodes in the body
False
bloodstream; endothelial cells
66
Outline the pathophysiology of Bartonella
1. Bartonella enters a broken dermis and is taken by macrophages to LNs.
2. Bartonella will enter the bloodstream and infect endothelial cells in the body
3. The infected endothelial cells produce monocyte-macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)
4. The macrophages are activated at the site of endothelial cell infection to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other endothelial cell mitogens to induce vascular proliferation
67
Macrolides, which are typically bacteriostatic, are potentially superior in treating bacillary angiomatosis due to their ___ effects
antiangiogenic
68
IDSA guidelines recommend what medication as the main treatment for Bacillary Angiomatosis?
Erythromycin
69
