Lecture 5 - Urinary system & Inguinal canal

Question 1

What is the pelvic inlet?

Answer 1

Demarcated by pelvic brim from promontory of the sacrum, arcuate and pectineal lines, to superior margin of the pubic symphysis

Question 2

What is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 2

• Elimination of toxic metabolites through urine, regulation of blood homeostasis of blood pressure, production of some hormones

Question 3

Where are the kidneys found?

Answer 3

• retroperitoneal
• at each side of the vertebral column, covered by adipose tissue
• span from T12 to L3

Question 4

What are the anatomical relations of the kidneys?

Answer 4

• superior & posterior relations same for both kidneys
• difference in anatomical relations between sides on anterior side

Question 5

Where is the hilum in the kidneys?

Answer 5

Anterior to posterior renal vein & renal artery, ureter (duct)

Question 6

What is the blood supply in the kidneys?

Answer 6

Renal arteries from aorta at L1/2

Question 7

What is the venous drainage of the kidneys?

Answer 7

Renal veins into inferior vena cava (IVC)

Question 8

What are the renal zones?

Answer 8

• renal cortex
• renal medulla

Question 9

Describe the flow of urine through the kidneys and how it travels to the ureter

Answer 9

Renal pyramids –> renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

Question 10

What is the nephron?

Answer 10

The functional units of the kidneys

Question 11

What are the 2 parts of the nephron?

Answer 11

renal corpuscle & renal tubule

Question 12

What does the renal corpuscle?

Answer 12

Renal corpuscle filters blood (in cortex)

Question 13

What does the renal tubule do?

Answer 13

Renal tubule converts filtrate into urine (in medulla - pyramids)

Question 14

What is the blood supply of the suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)?

Answer 14

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

Question 15

What is venous drainage in the suprarenal glands (adrenal glands)?

Answer 15

• Right suprarenal vein into IVC
• Left suprarenal vein into renal vein

Question 16

What are features of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 16

• stimulate masculinization (androgens)
• mineral balance in blood (aldosterone)
• glucose metabolism (cortisol)

Question 17

What does the adrenal medulla do?

Answer 17

Involved in the fight or flight response (epinephrine & norepinephrine)

Question 18

What are features of the ureters?

Answer 18

Muscular tubes that carries urine from kidney (renal pelvis) to urinary bladder
- 25-30cm long, half in abdomen, half in pelvis
- Retroperitoneal, travels on psoas major muscle
- potential sites of constriction

Question 19

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 19

Muscular sac on pelvis

Question 20

What are the 5 parts of the urinary bladder?

Answer 20

• Apex
• Body
• Fundus
• Trigone
• Neck

Question 21

What is the trigone?

Answer 21

Triangular region between the opening of the uterus and the urethra

Question 22

What is the detrusor muscle?

Answer 22

On internal surface

Question 23

What is the inguinal canal?

Answer 23

Short oblique passageway formed from muscle and their aponeruoses

Follows the INGUINAL LIGAMENT (from anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to pubic tubercle)

Question 24

What is the entrance of the inguinal canal?

Answer 24

Deep inguinal ring - around midpoint inguinal ligament

Question 25

What is the exit of the inguinal canal?

Answer 25

Superficial ring - above pubic tubercle

Question 26

What is the roof of the inguinal canal formed by?

Answer 26

Transversus abdominis and internal oblique muscles

Question 27

What is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal formed by?

Answer 27

Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Question 28

What is the floor of the inguinal canal formed by?

Answer 28

Inguinal ligament

Question 29

What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal formed by?

Answer 29

Transversalis fascia

Question 30

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

Answer 30

- ilioinguinal nerve - genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve - spermatic cord/round ligament of the uterus

Question 31

Describe the formation of the Processus vaginalis

Answer 31

Processus vaginalis (peritoneal outpouching) forms in anterior abdominal wall, guided by gubernaculum

Question 32

Describe the formation of the spermatic cord

Answer 32

Testes descend - through inguinal canal, surrounded by the same fascial layers of the abdominal wall. This completes the formation of the spermatic cord.

Question 33

Describe the formation of the round ligament of the uterus

Answer 33

Ovaries descend - into pelvic cavity to become associated with uterus. Only remaining structure passing through through the inguinal canal is the round ligament of the uterus (remnant of gubernaculum)

Question 34

What are the 3 layers of the spermatic cord?

Answer 34

- External spermatic fascia - Cremasteric muscle and fascia - Internal spermatic fascia

Question 35

What is the external spermatic fascia derived from?

Answer 35

External oblique aponeruosis

Question 36

What is the cremasteric muscle and fascia derived from?

Answer 36

Internal oblique muscle and aponeurosis

Question 37

What is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?

Answer 37

Transversalis fascia

Question 38

What is the contents of the spermatic cord?

Answer 38

- structures in inguinal canal to and from testes - begins at deep inguinal ring contents: - vas deferens - testicular artery - testicular veins (pampiniform plexus) - lymphatics - autonomic nerves - genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (innervates cremaster muscle)