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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 50-Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrates And Proteins > Flashcards

Lecture 50-Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrates And Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Define digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food into absorbable molecules

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2
Q

Define absorption

A

Movement of macronutrients, water, electrolytes from intestinal lumen into blood

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3
Q

What are the two paths for absorption?

A

Transcellular (cross luminal membrane into cell transporter)

Paracellular (moving across tight junctions between cells)

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4
Q

For transcellular absoprtion how do cells cross the luminal membrane into cell?

A

Passive diffusion

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5
Q

What is the turnover rate for epithelial cells?

A

Every 3 to 6 days

One of the highest turnover rates

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6
Q

What is the surface of epithelial cells lined with?

A

Microvilli

Brush border

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7
Q

What are the villi lined with?

A

Epithelial cells and goblet cells

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8
Q

Where is the vili the longest? Shortest?

A

Duodenum

Ileum

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9
Q

What is the function goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucous

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10
Q

What lines the lumen of small intestine

A

Villi

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11
Q

What are the folds of Kerckring?

A

Structure of intestinal mucosa
Folds are large circular folds
Increase SA and slow movement of digesta

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12
Q

What is the primary source of energy for most cells?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

How is glucose supplied in diet?

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

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14
Q

Which species do not have an enzyme made to digest cellulose?

A

Horse, cattle, sheep

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15
Q

What must all ingested carbohydrates first be for absoprtion by enterocytes?

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

How does digestion of carbohydrates begin?

A

Begin by enzymatic cleavage and ultimate release of ologiosaccahradies etc.

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17
Q

What does glucoamylase (AKA amyloglucosidase) cleave?

A

Linear or branched portions of amylase or glycogen

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18
Q

What does alpha-amylase in salivary glands and pancreas cleave?

A

Internal linkages of amylose

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19
Q

What are the four brush border enzymes?

A

Maltase
Alpha-dextrinase

Sucrase
Lactase

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20
Q

What monosaccharides for absorption?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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21
Q

What is special about cellulose, hemicellulose?

A

No mammalian enzyme for digesting these

Need microbial enzymes to digest

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22
Q

What is SGLT 1? What does it transport?

A

SGLT 1 is a Na+/glucose co-transporter

Transports both glucose and galactose

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23
Q

What is used for transporting fructose from intestinal lumen into enterocyte?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

Which transporter is fructose-specific?

A

GLUT 5

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25
Q

What is used for transporting glucose, galactose, and fructose from enterocyte into blood?

A

GLUT 2

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26
Q

what is the transporter that goes from intestinal lumen into the enterocyte?

A

Na-dependent co-transport for glucose and galactose

27
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

A lactase deficiency

28
Q

What leads to osmotic diarrhea?

A

Remain in lumen and “hold” water to remain Isosmotic

29
Q

Which species have dietary requirements for essential amino acids?

A

Dogs, horses, cat, chickens, pigs

30
Q

Which species have dietary protein requirement?

A

Cattle, goat, sheep

31
Q

In what form are amino acids usually provided?

A

Protein

32
Q

How must proteins be digested?

A

Via enzymes (general term: proteases)

33
Q

What are the digestion of proteins ultimately completed by?

A

Endopeptidases and exopeptidases

34
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

Stomach

35
Q

What is activated to pepsin? This hydrolyzes interior bonds

A

Pepsinogen

36
Q

What causes protein to unfold and exposes peptide bonds to pepsin

A

HCl

37
Q

Young ruminants have chief cells that produce ______.

A

Rennin

38
Q

What does rennin do?

A

Enzyme coagulates milk

39
Q

At what pH is pepsin activated?

A

Low pH

40
Q

When digesting proteins in the small intestine, what are used as proteases?

A

Pancreatic and brush border

41
Q

As digesta enters SI, CCK is released which causes the release of ________/

A

Zymogens (inactive enzyme)

42
Q

What is trypsinogen activated by to form trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

43
Q

Where is enterokinase found?

A

On the brush border

44
Q

What does trypsin activate?

A

Other zygmogens

45
Q

What are three endopeptidases:

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

46
Q

What do exopeptidases act on?

A

Act on carboxyl end of proteins

47
Q

What is the final digestion step in the SI?

A

Aminopeptidases at the brush border

Release either single AA or dipeptides/tripeptides

48
Q

What can absorb amino acids, dipeptodes and tripeptides?

A

Enterocyte

49
Q

How do amino acids move across the basolateral membrane ?

A

Facilitated diffusion

50
Q

What are proteins products of digestion?

A

Amino Acids
Dipeptides
Tripeptides

51
Q

Where are proteins absorbed?

A

Small intestine

52
Q

What mechanisms are associated with proteins?

A

Na+ amino acid cotransport
H dipeptide cotransport
H tripeptides cotransport

53
Q

What are carbohydrates products of digestion?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

54
Q

Where is the site of absoprtion for carbohydrates?

A

Small intestine

55
Q

What mechanisms are associated with carbohydrates?

A

Na glucose cotransport
Na galactose cotransport
Facilitated diffusion

56
Q

What are lipids products of digestion?

A

Fatty acids
Monoglycerides
Cholesterol

57
Q

Where are lipids absorbed?

A

Small intestine

58
Q

Where are bile salts absorbed?

A

Ileum

59
Q

What are three general disorders do protein digestion and absorption?

A

Pancreatitis
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Cystinuria

60
Q

What is cystinuria?

A

Defect or absence of Na/amino acid co-transporter
Can contribute to crystal formation and calculus, leading to urinary blockages

61
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

A

Insufficient production and secretion of digestive enzymes
Destruction of cells producing enzymes
Lack of digestion, malabsorption, weight loss, nutrient deficiencies

62
Q

What can prematurely activated enzymes lead to?

A

Local damage of exocrine pancreas
edema, inflammation

63
Q

What does pancreatitis cause?

A

Deficiency of pancreatic enzymes and fluid in initial stages

An increase in steroid hormones, increase glucose and circulating TG (associated with inflammation of pancreas)

Physiology Exam 3 (17 decks)

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