Lecture 6

Question 1

Where does antisepsis inhibit the growth of pathogens

Answer 1

Surfaces of living tissue

Question 2

Where does disinfection inhibit the growth of pathogens

Answer 2

Inanimate surface

Question 3

What are the three ways to sterilize

Answer 3

Heat, Radiation, Filters

Question 4

What are the effects of heat sterilization on the pathogen cells

Answer 4

· Denatures Macromolecules
· Lose Structure and Function

Question 5

Why does the autoclave use steam to sterilize materials

Answer 5

· Cell Penetration Power
· Reduce Resistance of Spores

Question 6

What dDoes Not Kill All Microbes, But Reduces Their Number

Answer 6

Pasteurization

Question 7

What type of pasteurization Reduces Pathogenic Bacteria and Extends Shelf Life

Answer 7

Flash pasteurization

Question 8

These are effects of what type of sterilization?
· Energy that Modifies or Breaks DNA (Ultraviolet)
· Radicals that Disrupt Proteins and Lipids (Ionizing)

Answer 8

Radiation Sterilization

Question 9

Advantages
· Practical and Safer
Disadvantages
· Surface Sterilization Only
· Cannot Penetrate Solid Objects

What type of radiation sterilization is this?

Answer 9

UV Radiation

Question 10

What type of radiation sterilization is this?

Effects
· Exposure to Electromagnetic Radiation
· Radiation Particles Create Radicals (H·, OH·)

Advantages
· Cold Sterilization
· Penetrate Solids and Liquids
Disadvantages
· Dangerous, Requires Special Equipment

Answer 10

Ionizing Radiation

Question 11

What type of radiation sterilization is this?

Effect
· Sterilization without Heat
· Filters Exclude Passage of Microbes
Advantages
· Useful for Heat-Sensitive Items · Very Safe
Disadvantages
· Limited Application (Liquids, Gases)

Answer 11

Filter sterilization

Question 12

· Borosilicate (Glass) Fibers
· Microbes Trapped in Fiber Network

These make up what kind of filter in filter sterilization?

Answer 12

Depth filter

Question 13

· Strong Polymers (e.g. Cellulose)
· Microbes Trapped on Surface

These make up what kind of filter in filter sterilization?

Answer 13

Membrane filters

Question 14

· Polycarbonate Film
· Microbes Trapped on Surface

These make up what kind of filter in filter sterilization?

Answer 14

Nucleopore filters

Question 15

What type of chemical growth control…

· Bind to Ribosomes
· Prevent Protein Synthesis

Answer 15

Bacteriostatic (stop growth)

Question 16

What type of chemical growth control…

· Cells Dead but Intact
· Bind to Specific Cellular Targets

Answer 16

Bacteriocidal (kill cells)

Question 17

What type of chemical growth control…

· Cells Lyse and Are Destroyed
· Target Cell Wall and Membranes

Answer 17

Bacteriolytic (kill cells)

Question 18

… Kill All Microbial Cells + Endospores

Answer 18

Sterilants

Question 19

… Kill All Microbial Cells, But Not Endospores

Answer 19

Disinfectants

Question 20

… Lead the way to synthetic drugs

· Early 1900s German Scientist · “Magic Bullet”
Selective Toxicity
· Inhibit or Kill Microbial Pathogens · Do Not Harm Human Cells

Answer 20

Paul Ehrlich

Question 21

Isoniazid, Quinolones, and Sulfa Drugs are all examples of …

Answer 21

synthetic drugs

Question 22

What type of macrocodes Interfer with Protein Synthesis

Answer 22

Erythromycin

Question 23

Azidothymidine is a type of … drug

Answer 23

Antiviral

Question 24

Ergosterol is a type of … drug

Answer 24

Antifungal

Question 25

These are mechanisms of ... (1) Impermeability: ▼porin channels (2) Efflux (3) Inactivation: beta-lactamase (4) Mutation in Target: PBP mutation (5) Absence of Target (6) Alternative Biochemical Pathway

Answer 25

Antibiotic resistance

Question 26

In antibiotic resistance evolution looks at

Answer 26

origins of resistance

Question 27

In antibiotic resistance ecology looks at

Answer 27

spread of resistance

Question 28

In antibiotic resistance economics looks at

Answer 28

dealing with resistance

Question 29

T or F there are no universal antibiotics

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What is an Alternative Function of Antibiotics

Answer 30

signaling molecules

Question 31

· Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations · Alter Gene Expression - Virluence, colonization, motility, biofilm formation These are other functions of ...

Answer 31

Antibiotics: signal molecules

Question 32

· Catabolism of Penicillin · Beta-lactamaseàC/N source This is the food source for ...

Answer 32

Antibiotics: signal molecules

Question 33

How many patients need vs. receive antibiotic treatment

Answer 33

· 20% of Patients - Need Antibiotic Treament · 80% of Patients - Receive Antibiotic Treatment

Question 34

· MRSA - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus These are known as ... pathogens

Answer 34

invincible

Question 35

In the case of non-medical antibiotic overuse what percentage used for Livestock/Agriculture

Answer 35

· 50-70% of Antibiotic Used for Livestock/Agriculture - Feed Supplement - Aquaculture - Fruit Production

Question 36

What is the Economic Paradox of Antibiotics

Answer 36

· Low Return on Investment · Loss of Value over Time

Question 37

What does Reversing Antibiotic Resistance entail

Answer 37

·êUsage =êSelection =êPrevalence of Resistance · Requires a Large-Scale, Coordinated Effort

Question 38

Describe Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

Answer 38

· Hinges on rapid, accurate diagnosis

Question 39

Describe Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

Answer 39

· New applications? · Pre-treatment for FMT?

Question 40

What are the five aves in the search for new antibiotics

Answer 40

1) New Analogs of Exisiting Compounds 2) Computer Drug Design 3) Natural Products 4) Drug Combinations 5) Bacteriophage Therapy