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Physiology > Lecture #6 > Flashcards

Lecture #6 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  1. Fluid Recovery
  2. Immunity
  3. Lipid
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2
Q

Immunity 3 lines of defence?

A
  1. External Barriers
    - Skin, mucous membrane, trachea
  2. Non-specific (innate) Defense Mechanism
    - protective proteins, cells, and processes
  3. Adaptive Immune System
    - Leaves body with a memory of the pathogen
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3
Q

Pathogen

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites , toxins

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4
Q

Innate Immunity Principal characteristics

A
  • is rapid response
  • fixed
  • broad specificities
  • constant
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5
Q

Adaptive Immunity principal characteristics

A
  • slow response
  • variable
  • numerous highly selective specificities
  • improve during response
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6
Q

Innate Immunity consists of ….

A

Two parts

  1. Pathogen recognition
  2. Recruitment of destructive effector mechanism
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7
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins

A

-creates a pore in the membrane and destructs the infected cell

  • interferons
  • complement pathways
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8
Q

The Innate Immune response causes Inflammation

A
  1. Bacteria is introduces
  2. Vasodilation occurs
  3. Infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling and pain
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9
Q

Adaptive Immunity consists of …..

A

1) Specificity

2) Memory

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10
Q

Classes of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Natural Active Immunity - production of owns antibodies/ T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen
  2. Artificial Immunity - production of owns antibodies or T cell by vaccination
  3. Natural Passive Immunity - Temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person ie. baby and mom
  4. Artificial Passive Immunity - temporary immunity that results from injection of an immune serum obtained by another person i.e. snake bites
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11
Q

B cell encounters a antigen

A

mature into a plasma cell which secretes antibodies

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12
Q

T cells encounter antigen

A

mature into Effector T cells;

  1. cytotoxic T cells - kill cells with virus
  2. Helper T cells - secrete cytokines, help with immunity and controls activities of other T cells
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13
Q

Antigen

A

Structure on macromolecule, virus, or cell that is recognized and bound by an immunoglobin (ig’s) and T cell receptors

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14
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • immunity due to antibodies
  • neutralization
  • opsonization - flagging for destruction coating of pathogen by antibody to facilitate phagocytosis
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15
Q

Vaccination

A

Serve disease prevented by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease

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16
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, and the blood

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18
Q

Left side of the heart

A

pumping blood to all the organs in the body

19
Q

Right Side of the heart

A

pumps blood into pulmonary truck

20
Q

Function of valves

A
  • ensure one way blood flow

- open and close in response to changes in pressure

21
Q

Atrioventicular Valves

A
  • one way flow from the atria to ventricles
  • tricuspid means 3 cups/ leaflets

-bicuspid means one way flow from the ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

22
Q

Valves of the Heart have

A

chordae tendinae: attach to papillary muscles

  • prevents backward explosion (prolapse)
23
Q

Diastole

A
  • ventricles are relaxed
  • pressure drops inside ventricles
  • semilunar valves close as blood tries to back up
  • AV valves open
  • Blood flow from atria to ventricles
24
Q

Systole

A
  • Ventricles contract
  • AV valves close as blood tries to back up
  • pressure rises inside of ventricles

_ semilunar valves open and blood flow into great vessels

25
Heart has its own circulatory system
5% of blood bumped by the heart is to pump the heart through the coronary circulation
26
Angina
Angina pectoris – is chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow
27
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Heart Attack --sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of the coronary circulation
28
Myocardial Ischemia
ischemia means lack of blood flow
29
Automaticity
describes that heart cells can spontaneous depolarize to threshold without any information
30
Rhythmicity
heart's conduction is in a regular manner, ie. regular generation of an action potential
31
Electrical conduction through the heart
- electrical signal initiates muscle contrations - electrical signals travel from cell to cell through gap junctions - Conduction system --- coordinates the heartbeat
32
Pacemaker of the heart is located
in the right atrium
33
Membrane Potentials
Intracellular K+> (greater than) Extracellular K+ Intraceullar Na< (less than) Extracellular Na+
34
Pacemaker
Sa node does not have a stable resting membrane potential 1. starts at -60mV 2. gradual depolarization called pacemaker potential 3. reaches threshold og -40mV K+ channels open and repolarization occurs 4. K+ channels close, pacemaker potential starts again SA nodes fire every 0.8 seconds setting the Resting Rate at 75bpm q
35
Cardiac Action potential
1. Na+ channels open 2. Na+ depolarizes the membrane and opens more Na+ channels 3. Na+ channels close, voltage peaks at nearly +30mV 4. Ca2+ enters slowing, prolongs depolarization,creates plateau. falls slightly b/c K+ leakage 5. Ca+ channels close and Ca2+ is transported out of the cell. K+ channels open and rapid K+ outflow returns membrane to its resting potential
36
Electrocardiograms (ECG/EKG)
measure the electrical activity of the heart
37
P wave
SA node fires, atria depolarize and contracts
38
PQ segment
Atrial contraction (atrial systole)
39
QRS complex
- ventricular depolarization | - complex shape of spike due to different thickness and shape of the two ventricles
40
ST segment
ventricular systole
41
T wave
ventricular are depolarizing and relaxing
42
Pressure
impels fluid to move | - according to pressure gradient (high to low)
43
Resistance
opposes flow

Physiology (9 decks)

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