Lecture 6

Question 1

Spastic dysarthria is due to what type of damage?

Answer 1

UMN

Question 2

What are the underlying characteristics underlying spastic dysarthria?

Answer 2

spasticity and weakness (reduces range and force of movement)

Question 3

spastic dysarthria is caused by unilateral or bilateral damage? And this is damage to what?

Answer 3

• Bilateral

- Direct and indirect pathways of the CNS

Question 4

Spastic dysarthria may manifest in what components of speech?

Answer 4

• respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory.

Question 5

Which is milder UUMN or spastic dysarthria?

Answer 5

UUMN

Question 6

Unilateral or Bilateral Damage:
Spastic dysarthria is due to?
UUMN is due to?

Answer 6

• Bilateral damage

- Unilateral damage

Question 7

What is the main difference in damage when comparing UUMN to spastic dysarthria?

Answer 7

UUMN is unilateral UMN damage

Spastic dysarthria is bilateral UMN damage

Question 8

Motor impairment after an internal capsule lesion can be significant. Why?

Answer 8

Because descending fibers are closely packed at this level.

Question 9

Spasticity is believed to be due damage to _______ that travel alongside the _____ and ______ _____

Answer 9

• Indirect activation pathways

- corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

Question 10

cranial nerve nuclei is aka

Answer 10

LMN

Question 11

Indirect Pathways:
Where do they originate?
Where do they synapse?
where do they terminate?

Answer 11

• in the cortex
• on nuclei in the brainstem
• cranial nerve nuclei (LMN)

Question 12

What are the functions of indirect activation pathways?

Answer 12

regulates reflexes and maintains posture and muscle tone

Question 13

Damage to Indirect pathways result in what?

What are the effect of damage?

Answer 13

• Spastic dysarthria or UUMN

- hyperreflexia and spasticity

Question 14

What are the confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria? (4)

Answer 14

• spasticity
• hyperreflexia
• pathological oral reflexes
• emotional lability (continuous change or breakdown)

Question 15

What speech subsystems tend to be involved in spastic dysarthria?

Answer 15

All of them

Question 16

In left hemisphere lesions, what disorders may mask the presence of UUMN dysarthria?

Answer 16

Aphasia and Apraxia of speech

Question 17

What are the confirmatory non-speech signs of spastic dysarthria?

Answer 17

• unilateral lower facial weakness

- unilateral tongue weakness

Question 18

What are the distinctive speech characteristics of spastic dysarthria?

Answer 18

slowness of speech and strained-harsh vocal quality

Question 19

What are the characteristic speech signs in UUMN dysarthria?

Answer 19

mildness of deficits and articulation imprecision

Question 20

Ataxic dysarthria is due to damage to what?

Answer 20

Cerebellum or cerebellar control circuits

Question 21

Speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are primarily due to what?

Answer 21

Impaired coordination

Question 22

What would you expect on an oral motor exam with an individual with ataxic dysarthria?

Answer 22

They may have a normal oral mech exam

Question 23

Cerebellar symptoms are unilateral, contralateral, or ipsilateral?

Answer 23

Ipsilateral

Question 24

What are the key speech characteristics of ataxic dysarthria?

Answer 24

irregular articulatory and prosodic errors

Question 25

Cerebellar lesions result in

Answer 25

- hypotonocity - Errors in force, speed, timing, range and direction of movement - intention/kinetic tremor

Question 26

Hypokinetic dysarthria is due damage to what?

Answer 26

the basal ganglia and/or basal ganglia control circuits

Question 27

Damage to the basal ganglia generally results in what?

Answer 27

reduction of movement or dyskinesias

Question 28

What is the most common cause of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 28

Parkinson's disease

Question 29

Parkinson's disease is the result of what and in what location?

Answer 29

degeneration of the dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra

Question 30

Parkinson's is characterized by what? (4)

Answer 30

- rigidity - reduced range of motion - difficulty initiating movements - resting tremors

Question 31

What are the non-speech signs of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 31

- mask-like, expressionless face - tremor/tremulousness of the lips - tongue and jaw at rest - normal strength

Question 32

What are the characteristic speech impairments with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 32

- hypophonia - reduced loudness - mono-loudness - fast speech rate

Question 33

Hyperkinetic dysarthria is due to damage to what?

Answer 33

the basal ganglia

Question 34

Hyperkinesia refers to what type of movement?

Answer 34

abnormal extra involuntary movements. They can be quickly or slowly produced

Question 35

What underlies or is the cause of speech impairments in hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 35

hyperkinesias

Question 36

How are dyskinesias usually classified?

Answer 36

fast or slow

Question 37

What does an oral mechanism exam look like with someone with hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 37

normal except for the presence of involuntary movements

Question 38

Hyperkinetic dysarthria dyskinesias: Tremor | Tremor can affect all the muscles of speech production, but most commonly affects what?

Answer 38

voice

Question 39

Huntington's disease is characterized by what?

Answer 39

quick, choreic movements

Question 40

The speech of individuals with Huntington's disease is characterized by what>

Answer 40

- sudden voice arrests with with strained quality - irregular articulatory breakdowns - prosodic abnormalities

Question 41

Hyperkinetic dysarthria dyskinesias: dystonia dystonic movements are what? And what speech subsystems are affected?

Answer 41

- slow and sustained | - can affect any speech subsystem

Question 42

There are dysarthrias that are due to a laryngeal dyskinesia. Which dyskinesia?

Answer 42

Dystonia

Question 43

What is adductor spasmodic dysphonia?

Answer 43

Intermittent strained vocal quality

Question 44

What is abductor spasmodic dysphonia?

Answer 44

Intermittent breathiness