Lecture #6 Flashcards
1
Q
What is psychometric approach?
A
Psychometric approach: intelligence is a trait or set on which individuals differ
2
Q
What is the Early Binet-Simon test?
A
- Intelligence scale that considered the age of the person being tested
- Which gave a score in terms of the child’s mental level
3
Q
What are the Weschler scales?
A
- Tests include both verbal and nonverbal measures
- IQ as a relative percentile
4
Q
What is Mental age?
A
- Binet-Simon test of intelligence
- To determine intelligence, they sought to examine items that were correlated with high teacher ratings
- From this they developed the Binet-Simon test of intelligence, which gave a score in terms of the child’s mental level (also referred to as mental age)
- Take a 10-year-old and test the 10-year-old on what they should be good at doing, and base them against other 10 year olds I.Q.
5
Q
How has IQ changed the way we look at intelligence?
A
- These tests were eventually modified in the U.S.A. to become the Stanford-Binet test
- This test reported test scores in terms of intelligent quotient (IQ), which takes mental age of the child and divides it by their actual physical age
- Adult version is the WAIS-III, child version is the WISC-III- Gives you a score for the child relative to other children that age
6
Q
How is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Quotient calculated?
A
- IQ = Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100, but all modern tests now use Deviation IQs
- Deviation IQ’s- especially more important for late adolescence and adult hood
- Cut off for giftedness is 130 and children with intellectual disabilities is 70 and those are standard deviations
7
Q
What is General Intelligence?
A
- Sir Francis Gelton believed that intelligence was based on biological differences in the speed of neural conduction- late 19th century
- He believed intelligence was how fast your brain was – faster the signal in the brain, the more the brain can do, the more intelligent the individual is
- Tested reaction speed – flash a flight and then press a button as soon as you see the light
- He attempted to determine if there was a link between intelligence and the speed of sensory processes (using basic instruments!), but he did not find any significant correlation
8
Q
What did Charles Spearman say about intelligence?
A
- Charles Spearman developed factor analysis to determine if there was a general intelligence that underlay performance in the different forms of Binet’s tests
- He found that two factors influenced performance on these tests: general intelligence (g) and specific intelligence (s)
- Factor analysis is when you analyze a set of data and look for a general
- G stands fro general intelligence
9
Q
Specific vs. General intelligence
A
- Specific intelligence referred to skills that applied directly to the problem being solved (e.g., knowing how a specific calculation)
- General intelligence was a factor that correlated positively with the results of all of the tests (similar to Galton’s idea of general intelligence)
10
Q
Fluid vs. Crystal G
A
- Cattell further developed this idea by breaking gf into general fluid intelligence and gc into general crystal intelligence
- Fluid intelligence is a general mental ability that could be adapted to any use, while crystalized intelligence refers to previous experience / learning
- Fluid intelligence is most directly helpful in unfamiliar testing situations
- The opposite is true for crystallized intelligence
- Fluid intelligence appears to peak during the early 20s, whereas crystallized intelligence peaks at around age 50
11
Q
What is g?
A
- Mental speed and working memory have both been raised as possible basis of g
- Individuals with high IQ scores typically also have faster responses to sensory events
- Speed of sensory perception also correlates well with fluid g, although not as well with crystallized g
- The digit span of working memory also tends to be greater in individuals who score high on IQ tests
- These results suggest that an overall ability to process a lot of information quickly in the conscious mind is related to intelligence in general and fluid intelligence in particular
12
Q
What is Gardner’s theory of intelligence?
A
- There are 8 kinds of intelligence according to him
- musical-rhythmic
- visual-spatial
- verbal-linguistic
- logical-mathematical
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- naturalistic
13
Q
How stable are IQ scores across childhood?
A
- Young children can’t take IQ tests (lack the required verbal or written skills)
- Many children show fluctuations Increase or decrease; not random (i.e. Environment is important)
- IQ is highly reliable scale - Scores at age 8 correlate with scores at age 18 (.70)- results stay similar - Many children show fluctuations Increase or decrease; not random - Environment important
- Cumulative deficit: a hypothesis concerning the cause of lower mental test scores of groups considered environmentally deprived. It presupposes a progressive decrement in test scores, relative to population norms, as a function of age.
14
Q
What do IQ scores predict?
A
- Scholastic achievement (.50 correlation with future grades)
- Vocational outcome (occupation – higher in white-collar jobs)
- The gifted (130-150+)
- The mentally delayed (below 70)
15
Q
Factors that influence IQ
A
Evidence of heredity
- The Flynn effect: a secular trend of IQ
- Flynn effect is the data that shows that IQ scores have increased over time- To improvements in education and better nutrition
- People today have better fluid g than those in the past
- Grand parents probably exercised their fluid g less than we do
