Lecture #8 Flashcards
1
Q
Selman’s stages
A
- Egocentric or undifferentiated- toddlers act as if they don’t understand other peoples mind, act in order to their own wishes
- Social-informational role taking- people start understanding that people have different roles and different jobs
- Self-reflective role taking- able to reflect in what you would do in that role, ex 10-year-old would think yea I probably would limit sugar intake
- Mutual role taking- individuals kind exchange positions, put yourself in my shoes and I put myself in your shoes
- Societal role taking- put yourself in the context or broader society
2
Q
Theory of mind
A
- Understanding that human action is motivated by underlying mental states
You do things because you have your own reason for doing things
- Intentions, beliefs, emotions, desires - Social development - Moral judgements, empathy, conduct disorder - Cognitive development - Reasoning about representations
3
Q
False beliefs
A
- Dissociation in development
- Understanding of beliefs and photographs both develop between 3 – 4 years
- Performance if not typically correlated
- Training on one does not affect performance on the other
- Dissociation in autism
- Good at false photographs but very poor at the false beliefs
4
Q
Bear/Dragon test
A
- Inhibition correlations
- Chinese preschoolers
- Possible advanced emergence of frontal function / inhibition
- Ethnographic data
- Parenting and discipline
- Observations of schools
5
Q
Bear/Dragon test part 2
A
- They are all rooted in our evolutionary heritage, make their appearance early in infancy, and have a rapid, automatic onset
- They have distinct, universally-recognized facial patterns- cross culture, universally recognized
- They are believed to be innate and hardwired into the subcortical motor areas of the brain- argument is that you can see it in children that are blind, believe that they are adaptive and have an important role to play
6
Q
Joy
A
- Perhaps best illustrated by the smile
- Endogenous smiles appear in newborns
- Typically during sleep, associated with low levels of brain activity
- Duchenne smiles are the first genuine social smiles, occur at one month
- Social smiling appears to be influenced by cognitive development
- Likely related to the cognitive processes that associated an object in the environment with a positive internal representation
- Smiles become increasingly selective with age
- Smiling is a very powerful emotional signal that may serve to initiate and maintain social interactions with adults
- Laughter plays a similar role and also becomes increasingly social and selective with age
7
Q
Surprise
A
- Is dependent on and helps to further develop cognitive development
- Not observable until infants begin to form cognitive expectations (5-7, 3 and fewer months)
- Accompanied by regular physiological responses:
- Heightened sensory sensitivity
- Orienting towards stimulus
- Rapid inhibition of unrelated behaviours
- General fight or flight response
- Prototype is the startle reflex – a rapid, defensive contraction / tensing of body
8
Q
Anger
A
- Initial emotion is distress / upset
- During early months, anger is secondary to pain / distress signals
- This changes with age, with anger becoming the dominant signal
- Appears to be due to a shift in self-reliance
- Appears to be directed more towards events that the infant can potentially control, in goal-oriented actions
- Can serve as an adaptive motivational tool for overcoming obstacles
9
Q
Sadness
A
- Also appears to be derived from distress / upset
- Emerges at around 3 months
- Infants display sadness and distress to the still face paradigm
- Often a response towards a particular social interaction
- Appears to both motivate a withdrawal from the situation and solicit care
- Self-soothing and crying are both observed in displays of sadness
- Sadness shuts down the fight or flight response, appears to reduce bodily activity
10
Q
Disgust
A
- Originally a food-oriented behaviour where the individual rejects an unpalatable item from the mouth
- Later (2-3 years of age), disgust is also associated with undesirable social behaviours
11
Q
Fear
A
- Like anger and sadness, originates from the general distress display
- Fear begins to emerge at around 3 months
- Can be triggered by: intense, novel, social, conditioned or evolutionary-relevant stimuli
- Provokes withdrawal response that is associated with fight or flight
- Been particularly well-studied in older infants
12
Q
The self-conscious emotions are:
A
- Embarrassment- is an obvious signal that you have broken a social norm
- Envy- of others
- Empathy- being able to appreciate someone else’s feelings
- Pride- opposite side of the same coin, showing off your strengths and hiding your weaknesses
- Shame- try to minimize yourself and hide your flaws
- Guilt- when you damage a relationship and your motivated to repair it
13
Q
Thomas and Chess
A
- Initiated the New York Longitudinal Study where 141 children were studied in a longitudinal experiment that started at birth and continued through to adulthood
- Goal was to determine if there were basic, stable underlying behavioural and emotional patterns amongst individuals
14
Q
Temperament
A
- Temperament may be defined as: “constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation.
- Temperamental characteristics are seen to demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time.”Rothbart & Bates, 1998
- Distribution in Thomas and Chess’ longitudinal study
- Rothbart and Bates dimensions
- Fearful distress
- Irritable distress
- Positive affect
- Activity level
- Attention span / persistence
- Rhythmicity
15
Q
Temperament types
A
- Easy: generally positive mood, quick to adapt, regular routines
- Difficult: reacts more negatively, irregular routines, slow to adapt
- Slow to warm up: reacts mildly negative, low activity level, slow to adapt
- None classified: blends of the above
