Lecture 6: Antisocial behavior

Question 1

antisocial behavior=

Answer 1

actions which are considered to violate the rights of or otherwise harm others by committing crime or nuisance, such as stealing and physical attack or noncriminal behaviours such as lying and manipulation.

Question 2

the perpetrator is also often the victim

Answer 2

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Question 3

lying tips

Answer 3

keep it simple, use the best, ignore the rest

Question 4

antisocial behaviour is somewhat normal during adolescence. violence is often the norm, in music and film etc. hoe zie je dit?

Answer 4

students en mensen uit het forensische domein hebben veel overeenkomstige levensstijlen (empathy, lifestyle, inerpersonal aspects). rebellion is normative! not absent in adulthood. maar studenten meer guilt.

Question 5

DSM antisocial behaviour

Answer 5

• oppositional defiance disorder ODD
• normoverschrijdende gedragsstoornis (conduct disorder)
• na 18+: antisocial personality disorder

Question 6

ODD vs CD

Answer 6

ODD: hot aggression
- reactive
- impulsive
- overt
- anger defensive/revenge
- remorse
- guilt
- emotional arousal
- hostile attribution
- violating rights of others
- not planned or purposefully
- often history of abuse
- arises from a reaction to a situation or feeling. it is direct and undisguised, and unplanned

CD: cold aggression
- proactive
- offensive
- overt and covert
- problem solving, controlled, calculating
- no remorse
- no feelings of guilt
- narcissism
- solution focused no specific arousal
- often aggressive role models
- lack of empathy
- instrumental aggression, without being emotionally charged. the aggression is used purposefully to achieve a goal.

Question 7

what is deceptive about the difference between ODD and CD

Answer 7

on the outside ODD seems more aggressive, but the CD is meaner. they are the people who smile during trial etc, almost like they enjoyed it. you can be manipulated by it.

Question 8

most antisocial behaviour is:

Answer 8

• age-related (peaks in adolescence)
• clinically induced (linked to a disorder)

Question 9

prevalenties van aggressie in psychiatrie

Answer 9

1/3 of all child and youth psychiatry is
aggression related. BUT only 5 % is cd/odd. Therefore it is really important to look at the origin (e.g. een kind dat heel gefrustreerd raakt doordat het op school niet lukt)

Question 10

overt = …, covert = ….

Answer 10

overt = ODD
covert = CD

Question 11

model ‘how do you become antisocial’ authority conflict pathway

Answer 11

allergic to ‘have to’ -> before age 12 stubborn behavior, defiance/disobedience, authority avoidance.

overt pathway: minor aggression (annoying, bullying) -> physical fighting -> violence (attack, homicide)

covert pathway: minor covert behaviour (shoplifting, lying) -> property damage (vandalism, fire setting) -> moderately serious delinquency (fraud, pick pocketing) -> serious delinquency (auto theft, burglarly)

Question 12

historical risk factors for antisocial behavior

Answer 12

1. Previous violent behavior
2. Previous non-violent behavior
3. Young age at first violent behavior
4. Non compliance with intervention
5. Auto mutilation and or suicidal behavior
6. Been a witness to violence in the family
7. History of maltreatment as a child
8. Delinquency of the parents/caregivers
9. Early disruption in family situation
10. Low school results

Question 13

why does starting early with violent behaviour lead to antisocial behaviour later on

Answer 13

it changes your brain, coping, perception, and problem solving

Question 14

how many juveniles from hartelborcht experienced neglect and inconsistent parenting

Answer 14

77%

Question 15

how does parenting style influence development

Answer 15

During childhood and adolescence, cognitive schemas or beliefs about self, others and the world are constructed. Schema’s are based on (parental) care, (Van Vlierberghe et al., 2010). The schemas are relatively stable: they persist into (young) adulthood and are often maintained for life (Esmaeilian, 2019; Gilbert & Daffern, 2013; Young, 1999). Schemas provide patterns of thought and behaviour are applied in interpreting new experiences and help people predict the world thereby reducing uncertainty and anxiety.

Schemas can be adaptive Early Adaptive Schemas (EAS) and maladaptive Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMAS) (Louis et al., 2024). When an individual has strong EAS, the world will be interpreted generally more positive which can positively influence the individual’s development (Louis et al., 2024). EMAS, on the other hand, provoke negative interpretations and perceptions, can negatively affect development increasing stress and anxiety.

Question 16

vaardigheden van ouders

Answer 16

helpen en opletten:
- vooruitlopen op situaties
- grenzen stellen
- structuur bieden
- trots tonen en complimenten geven

kalmeren en repareren:
- troosten, geruststellen
- boosheid in goede banen leiden
- de relatie herstellen na onbegrip
- plezier delen

Question 17

stress management tussen kind en ouder

Answer 17

kind: angst

roepen om hulp naar ouder ->

ouder: mentaliseren en containing

<- congruente, gemarkeerde spiegeling

kind: tot rust komen, exploreren, mentaliseren

if the parents cannot handle the stress, they go into a continuous loop.

zie schrift

Question 18

wat gebeurt er door stress

Answer 18

unsafety induces stress -> stress brings you in the FFF modus -> focus on anything but the stressors is difficult, as stress claims the working memory (PFC) -> higher risk of antisocial behaviour! in order to solve a problem your working memory has to design a plan and stick to the rules. therefore less problem-solving when stressed

Question 19

with age, the brains ability to change in response to experiences decreases

Answer 19

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Question 20

inadequate care leads to less brain development at 6,7 and 9. how can we see

Answer 20

shrinkage in the brain in kids who are neglected

Question 21

The longer the children had spent in a children’s home, the higher they scored on the Internalizing (withdrawn behavior, physical complaints and anxious/depressive behavior) and especially on the Externalizing dimension (delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior)

Answer 21

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Question 22

consequences of inadequate care:

Answer 22

• Less coping
• Less decision making capacities
• Increased sensitivity to stress
• Increased perception of threat and danger
• Increased vulnerability to peer influences
• Increased sensitivity to exclusion
• Increased sensitivity to inclusion

Question 23

delinquent parents lead to……

Answer 23

more delinquent children (linear line)

Question 24

early disruption leads to….

Answer 24

Parental divorce was found to be a significant predictor of both direct and indirect aggression

Question 25

stable vs instable families are a predictor of violence.

Answer 25

instable family is 2x zoveel violence

Question 26

Suspension and exclusion are strong predictors of delinquency and criminal behaviour. Why?

Answer 26

* Low school results → more school dropout * No certificate→ less jobs * Lower jobs → less money * Less money → more stress * Lower education → less coping skills * Less coping skills → more stress * More stress → more agression

Question 27

truancy is a huge predictor, but...

Answer 27

the reason is the biggest predictor! Avoidance due to bullying or anxiety -> Moderate risk. Likely linked to internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety, depression), not aggression. Skipping school to engage in delinquent behavior (e.g., theft, drugs) -> High risk. Suggests antisocial traits and poor impulse control. Family dysfunction or neglect -> High risk. Unstable home environments often contribute to externalizing behaviors like aggression. Disengagement or boredom with school -> Variable risk. May lead to acting out, but not always aggressive behavior.

Question 28

individual risk factors

Answer 28

1. Negative attitudes 2. Risky behavior/Impulsiveness 3. Substance use problems 4. Problems with handling anger 5. Lack of empathy/ Remorse 6. Attention deficit/ hyperactivity 7. Inadequate cooperation with interventions 8. Little interest in/connection with school or work

Question 29

adhd association with delinquency

Answer 29

* A significant relation- ship between ADHD and criminal/delinquent behavior * A five-fold increase in prevalence of ADHD in youth prison populations * A 10-fold increase in adult prison populations, compared with published general population prevalence

Question 30

why can people with adhd be aggressive

Answer 30

they dont make the time to weigh the pro's and con's of aggression as a solution. therefore comorbidity with conduct disorder and more aggressive behaviour. so adhd is a risk factor, not a causal factor

Question 31

school dropouts often want to go back to school

Answer 31

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Question 32

psychopathy kenmerken

Answer 32

Calous and unemotional With limited prosocial emotions Lack of remorse or guilt Unconcerned about performance Shallow or deficient affect

Question 33

School Disengagement as a Predictor of dropout, delinquency, and problem substance use during adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 33

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Question 34

importance of self-regulation

Answer 34

Individuals with low self-regulating demonstrate less ability to inhibit impulsive responses consistently (De Ridder et al.,2012). This perspective has been widely used in predicting long-term behaviors such as socialcompetence (Mischel et al., 1988; Hofmann et al., 2009), academic achievement, criminal behaviour, and overall well-being

Question 35

social risk factors

Answer 35

1. Dealing with delinquent peers. 2. Rejection by peers 3. Experienced stress and low coping skills 4. Low parenting skills of the parents 5. Lack of support from other adults 6. Disadvantaged neighborhood

Question 36

selection, influence and deselection

Answer 36

selection effects: youth tend to befriend peers who engagee in similar behavior influence effects: adolescents tend to adapt their behaviour to become more similar to their friends deselection: adolescents with a higher pubertal development are especially likely to lose friendships with peers who do not engage in externalizing behavior, thus losing an important source of adaptive social control.

Question 37

rejection, disgust and humiliation can also lead to aggression

Answer 37

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Question 38

how can rejection sensitivity grow due to abuse

Answer 38

* Early abuse often leads to “coloured perception”. * Wrongly perceive rejection or possible abandonment, leading to intense and overwhelming emotions situation/cue -> evaluation in terms of unwished for identity dismissal rejection -> attack to self -> shame, inferior position -> can lead to either open shame confession, or anger and aggression tekenen in schrift!

Question 39

the strongest predictor variable for antisocial behaviour (and general negative life outcomes) is:

Answer 39

the number (and severity) of risk factors present

Question 40

self reported preference for risk is the highest during adolescence. why?

Answer 40

risk taking means status, and status is the most important during the maturation gap.

Question 41

maturational gap

Answer 41

* Adolescence shows maturational gains in almost every measurable domain (reaction time, reasoning abilities, immune function, capacity to withstand cold, heat, injury, physical stress). * Despite cognitive improvements adolescents appear more prone to erratic and emotionally affected behavior, which can lead to periodic disregard for the risks and consequences.

Question 42

adolescents respond more strongly to....

Answer 42

affestive stimulation. more specifically peer-related rewards. admiration does miracles. earlier development of limbic regions, later development of prefrontal regions.

Question 43

the peer influence in sexual delinquent boys is strong

Answer 43

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Question 44

* The influence of friends far multiplies in adolescence, * Fear of being rejected is the biggest peer influence in adolescence * Exclusion and shame hurt as much as physical injury

Answer 44

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Question 45

school shootings

Answer 45

80% is thought to be social rejection related

Question 46

positive oppositional behaviour

Answer 46

protesting is also rewarding

Question 47

into young adulthood, adult parental monitoring is a protective factor against delinquency

Answer 47

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Question 48

welk gen is gerelateerd aan aggressie

Answer 48

short MAOs gene, but only aggression when the child is also abused

Question 49

ADHD, ASS, MBID or CD children can be difficult to handle, provoking harsh parental strategies, which in turn will evoke obstinate and obnoxious behaviour, which will be challenging for their parents increasing the risk of antisocial behavior particularly under peer pressure or complex child raising situations

Answer 49

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Question 50

Hirshi

Answer 50

Risk factors are not important, everybody is a potential delinquent, it is what prevents us from deliquency that matters. * Commitment * Attachment * Involvement * Norms & Values

Question 51

protective factors

Answer 51

* Prosocial Engagement * Clear support from others * Close relationship with (one) pro-social adult * Positive attitude to intervention/authority * Positive school/work orientation * Resilient personality traits

Question 52

what is needed for this positive intervention

Answer 52

interventions that: (a) directly harness the desire for status and respect, (b) provide adolescents with more respectful treatment from adults, (c) lessen the negative influence of threats to status and respect.