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.Pharmacology > Lecture 6: Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system is divided into ___ and ___ branches

A

central and peripheral

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2
Q

the peripheral nervous system is divided into the sensory systems of ___ and ___

A

autonomic and somatic

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3
Q

the autonomic nervous system is divided into ___ and ___ branches

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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4
Q

movement, respiration, posture and voluntary movements are controlled by what branch of the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic

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5
Q

cardiac output, blood flow, digestion etc and involuntary control are controlled by what branch of the peripheral nervous system?

A

autonomic

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6
Q

the ___ nervous system regulates processes in the fight/flight response

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

the ___ nervous system regulates processes in the rest/digest response

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

in the sympathetic system, the ganglia cluster together in a structure called the ___

A

sympathetic chain

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9
Q

location of parasympathetic ganglia

A

close to or within their target organs

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10
Q

in both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, the preganglionic neurons release ___ into the synapse with the post ganglionic cell

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

___- receptors on the post-ganglionic cells receive the signal and propagate ___ along to the target tissue

A

nicotinic Ach; action potentials

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12
Q

the post-ganglionic cells of the parasympathetic nervous system release ___ and the target tissue typically express ___ type Ach receptors

A

Ach; muscarinic

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13
Q

in most tissues of the sympathetic system, ___ type receptors are expressed and respond to ___ (NT)

A

adrenergic; NE

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14
Q

___ are endogenous agonists

A

neurotransmitters

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15
Q

controlled release of ___ transmits signals to the specific tissue that is to be activated

A

NT

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16
Q

___ trigger the release of neurotransmitter

A

AP

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17
Q

___ are the primary mediators of signals in many systems

A

NT

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18
Q

the propagation of action potentials between neurons is carried out by ___

A

neurotransmitters

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19
Q

influx of ___ion causes NT release at the synapse

A

Ca

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20
Q

a ____ will be created if a stimulus / amount of NT is not great enough to trigger an AP

A

EPSP

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21
Q

what are the 3 structurally related catecholamine NT?

A

NE , E , and dopamine

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22
Q

epinephrine is released by the ___ in response to ___

A

adrenal gland; sympathetic activation

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23
Q

t/f E and NE act on similar receptors

A

true

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24
Q

which NT is the key mediator in the CNS?

A

ach

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25
Q

t/f there are multiple receptor types involved in Ach signalling to generate specific responses in different tissues

A

true

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26
Q

what are the 2 main classes of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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27
Q

what are the 2 types of nicotinic receptors? where is each type found?

A
  1. Neuronal (NN): found in CNS & ANS

2. Muscular (NM): found in neuromuscular junction

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28
Q

what are the 2 families of muscarinic receptors? where is each found?

A
  1. Odd (M1,3,5): found in CNS & smooth muscle

2. Even (M2&4): found in heart & CNS

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29
Q

what receptors type are nicotinic ach receptors?

A

ligand-gated ion channels

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30
Q

what type of nicotinic receptors are present in the pre and ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

neuronal

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31
Q

describe the 4 steps involved in action of nicotinic receptors

A
  1. ach binds, resulting in conformational change
  2. influx of Na
  3. change in membrane excitability (depolarization)
  4. action potential or muscle contraction
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32
Q

what type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

GPCR

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33
Q

even muscarinic receptors have ___ effects

A

excitatory

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34
Q

odd muscarinic receptors have ___ effects

A

inhibitory

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35
Q

M1,3,5 are ___ coupled GPCRs

A

gQ

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36
Q

M2&4 are ___ coupled GPCRs

A

Gi

37
Q

the primary effects of most GI GPCRs is the decrease the cellular levels of ____, which reduces cell activities

A

cAMP

38
Q

binding of agonist to GPCR causes a ____ change and the ___ of the G-alpa and G-beta subunits

A

conformational change; dissociation

39
Q

the dissociation of the G-alpha and G-beta subunits results in the initiation of ____

A

signalling cascaded

40
Q

activation of a GQ coupled pathway in a neuronal cell would be expected to cause what result?

A

increased NT release

41
Q

activation of a GQ coupled pathway in a muscle cell would be expected to cause what result?

A

muscle contraction

42
Q

what are the 4 steps in activation of muscarinic receptors?

A
  1. agonist binds to extracellular surface of receptor
  2. conformational change causing the exchange of GDP for GTP on the G protein
  3. Ga and Gb dissociate from the receptor and initiate intracellular signalling cascades
  4. 2nd messenger molecule amplify the signal and initiate cellular response
43
Q

responses initiated by Ach are regulated by the rapid ___ in the synapse

A

Ach breakdown

44
Q

____ is a membrane-bound enzyme that cleaves Ach into inactive products, quickly terminating neuronal response

A

Ache

45
Q

Ach is made and stored in the ___ within structures called ___

A

nerve terminal; vessicless

46
Q

Ach is released in response to ___

A

AP

47
Q

in addition to binding to postsynaptic receptors, Ach also defuses back to the presynaptic cell and binds to ____ receptors that act to achieve ___

A

autoreceptors; decrease NT release to prevent overstimulation and down-regulation of postsynaptic receptor

48
Q

NE is made and stored in ___

A

sympathetic neurons

49
Q

VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter) is required for packaging and storage of ___ in nerve terminals

A

NE

50
Q

NE is made from what amino acid? what is the intermediate product?

A

tyrosine; dopamine

51
Q

differential expression of ___ within a cell determines which catecholamine is present in highest concentration

A

enzyme

52
Q

t/f increasing the amount of one catecholamine may increase the amount of another because they are made by the same pathway

A

true

53
Q

adding dopamine to manage Parkinson’s can have the unintended effect of increasing ___

A

NE

54
Q

preventing metabolism of one catecholamine may result in the increased production of other metabolites, such ___ which can have cardiovascular effects

A

tyramine

55
Q

many things about NE release are similar to that of Ach, but one key difference is that NE can be taken back up into the pre-synaptic cell by ___

A

NETs, NE transporters

56
Q

the reuptake of NE to the presynaptic cell ___ the stimulatory response

A

terminates

57
Q

NE is metabolized by 2 enzymes: ___ and ___ that produce inactive metabolites

A

COMT and MAO

58
Q

what is COMT?

A

catechol-o-methyltransferase

59
Q

what is MAO

A

monoamine oxidase

60
Q

what are the 2 isoforms of MAO?

A

MAO-A and MAO-B

61
Q

COMT is one of the enzymes that metabolizes ___ in the central and peripheral nervous systems

A

catecholamines

62
Q

MOA metabolizes ___

A

catecholamines

63
Q

COMT and MAO are targets for treating ____ conditions

A

central nervous sytem

64
Q

what are the 2 main types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  1. Alpha

2. Beta

65
Q

alpha receptors have multiple ___ within each subtype

A

isoforms

66
Q

A1 receptors are primarily found in the ___ and some in the ___

A

smooth muscle; heart

67
Q

A1 receptors are coupled to ___ G proteins and what type of cellular responses?

A

GQ; increased Ca and muscle contraction

68
Q

A2 receptors are found in the ___ and ___

A

central nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

69
Q

A2 receptors are coupled to ___ G protein which regulates the ____ from presynaptic neurons

A

Gi; amount of NT release

70
Q

B1 receptors are found in the ___

A

heart

71
Q

B2 receptors are found in the ___ , ___ and ___

A

lungs, smooth muscle /blood vessels and liver

72
Q

both b1 and b2 receptors couple to ____ G protein and result in increase in __

A

Gs; cAMP

73
Q

in the heart, increased levels of cAMP results in __

A

increased contractility

74
Q

in the lungs and other smooth muscles, cAMO results ___

A

relaxation

75
Q

what are the 2 families of dopamine receptors?

A

D1 and D2

76
Q

what dopamine receptors are in the D1 family? what is their main role and what G protein are the coupled to?

A

D1 & 5; excitatory ; Gs

77
Q

where are D1 family receptors found?

A

smooth muscle and renal vasculature

78
Q

what dopamine receptors are in the D2 family? what is their main role, and what G protein are they coupled to?

A

D2, D3, & D4; inhibitory; Gi

79
Q

where are D2 family receptors found?

A

smooth muscle and presynaptic neurons

80
Q

D2 receptors in presynaptic neurons act as ___

A

autoreceptors

81
Q

the eye is an example of a tissue that can be influenced by what branch of the ANS?

A

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

82
Q

Ach cause pupil ___

A

constriction

83
Q

NE causes pupil ___

A

dilation

84
Q

ach causes the lens to accommodate for ___ vision by becoming more ___ in shape

A

near ; round

85
Q

NE cause lens to accommodate for ___ vision by becoming more ___ in shape

A

far; flat

86
Q

intraocular pressure is determined by the balance between __ and __

A

aqueous humour secretion into the eye and aqueous outflow

87
Q

___ (NT) stimulates the secretion of aqueous humour into the eye

A

NE

88
Q

____ (NT) stimulates aqueous outflow, having a net effect of lowering intraocular pressure

A

Ach

89
Q

the dynamic sliding back and forth between sympathetic and parasympathetic is called

A

autonomic tone

.Pharmacology (55 decks)

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