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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 6: Digestion and Reabsorption of Carbs and Lipids > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Digestion and Reabsorption of Carbs and Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two paths for absorption of carbohydrates and proteins

A

Transcellular
Paracellular

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2
Q

Transverse folds of intestinal mucosa
Folds are large circular folds of mucosa

A

Folds of Kerckring

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3
Q

Villi line

A

Lumen of small intestine

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4
Q

Villi are lined by what kind of cells

A

Epithelial cells and goblet cells

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5
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucus

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6
Q

Where are villi longest and shortest?

A

Longest in duodenum
Shortest in terminus of ileum

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7
Q

What form the brush border?

A

The surface of epithelial cells lined with microvilli

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8
Q

Folds + villi =

A

Microvilli

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9
Q

What fold is SA increased by microvilli

A

600

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10
Q

What is turnover rate of epithelial cells

A

Every 3-6 days

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11
Q

Natural diet of horse, cattle, sheep

A

Grass

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12
Q

Grass is high in

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

Grain is high in

A

Starch

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14
Q

Chicken and pigs usually fed diets high in

A

Starch

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15
Q

Dogs are classified as

A

Omnivores

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16
Q

What diet do dogs do well on?

A

Diets of starch + soluble fibers

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17
Q

What is the primary source of energy for most cells?

A

Glucose

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18
Q

Monosaccharides definition

A

Simple sugars

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19
Q

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose are examples of

A

Monosaccharides

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20
Q

Sucrose, maltose, lactose are examples of

A

Disaccharides

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21
Q

Disaccharides definition

A

2 monosaccharides

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22
Q

Polysaccharides definition

A

Complex chains of sugars

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23
Q

Starch, cellulose, glycogen, hemicellulose are examples of

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

All ingested carbs must be digested to what for absorption?

A

Monosaccharides

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25
Q

What absorbs monosaccharides?

A

Enterocytes

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26
Q

How does digestion of carbohydrates begin?

A

Enzymatic cleavage makes chains shorter

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27
Q

What cleaves internal linkages of amylose (alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds) in starch digestion?

A

Alpha-amylase

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28
Q

What cleaves linear or branched portions of amylose or glycogen in starch digestion?

A

Glucoamylase

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29
Q

In starch digestion, what is used to digest oligosaccharides? AKA Brush border enzyme

A

Alpha-dextrinase

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30
Q

What are the brush border enzymes in starch digestion?

A

Alpha-dextrinase, maltase, sucrase, lactase

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31
Q

What does maltase (brush border enzyme) do in starch digestion?

A

Converts maltose to 2 glucose units

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32
Q

What are the monosaccharides for absorption?*

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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33
Q

What enzymes digest cellulose/hemicellulose?

A

No mammalian enzymes for digesting these

34
Q

What transports both glucose and galactose from intestinal lumen to enterocyte?

A

SGLT 1 (Na+/glucose co-transporter)

35
Q

What transport method is using to transport fructose from intestinal lumen into enterocyte?

A

Facilitated diffusion

36
Q

What transporter is fructose specific?

A

GLUT 5

37
Q

What transport method is using to transport glucose, galactose, fructose from enterocyte into blood?

A

Facilitated diffusion

38
Q

What specific transporter is used to transport glucose, galactose, and fructose from enterocyte into blood?

A

GLUT 2

39
Q

What is deficient in lactose intolerance?

A

Lactase

40
Q

What domestic species have dietary requirements for essential amino acids?

A

Dogs, cats, chickens, pigs, horses

41
Q

What domestic species have dietary protein requirement only?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats

42
Q

Why do cattle, sheep, goats only have a dietary protein requirement?

A

Microbes can take the dietary protein and make essential AA which will be absorbed in SI

43
Q

In species that have dietary requirements for essential amino acids, what must be special about the protein in their diets?

A

Protein must be high quality

44
Q

What does high quality protein mean?

A

Protein with essential amino acid profile

45
Q

What form are amino acids usually provided in?

A

Protein

46
Q

Essential AA P.V.T

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

47
Q

Essential AA T.I.M

A

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

48
Q

Essential AA H.A.L.L

A

Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysine

49
Q

Digestion of protein in the stomach is ultimately completed by

A

Endopeptidases and exopeptidases

50
Q

What do exopeptidases do

A

Hydrolyze 1 AA at a time from C terminal end

51
Q

Protein digestion begins where

A

Stomach

52
Q

When is pepsinogen activated to pepin?

A

When pH is 1-2

53
Q

Pepsin exopeptidase or endopeptidase?

A

Endopeptidase

54
Q

What does endopeptidases do?

A

Hydrolyze interior bonds

55
Q

What does HCl do to proteins?

A

Causes them to unfold and expose their peptide bonds to pepsin

56
Q

In young ruminants, chief cells produce

A

Rennin

57
Q

Enzyme that coagulates milk + reduces (decreases) passage rate in young ruminants

A

Rennin

58
Q

Inactive enzymes

A

Zymogens

59
Q

What does SI utilize in protein digestion?

A

Pancreatic proteases and brush border proteases

60
Q

When digesta enters SI, what is released?

A

CCK

61
Q

When digesta enters SI, CCK is released, which causes the release of

A

Zymogens

62
Q

SI endopeptidases

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

63
Q

SI exopeptidases

A

Carboxypeptidases A and B

64
Q

What activates trypsinogen to form trypsin?

A

Enterokinase

65
Q

What does trypsinogen form when activated?

A

Trypsin

66
Q

What breaks down the proteins in the SI? Name all

A

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase A and B

67
Q

What activates other zymogens after initial release?

A

Trypsin

68
Q

What is the final protein digestion step in SI?

A

Aminopeptidases at the brush border break down peptides further

69
Q

AA move across basolateral membrane via

A

Facilitated diffusion

70
Q

Carb products of digestion

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

71
Q

Protein products of digestion

A

Amino acids
Dipeptides
Tripeptides

72
Q

Carbohydrate absorption mechanisms

A

Na+-glucose co transporter
Na+-galactose co transporter
Facilitated diffusion

73
Q

Protein absorption mechanisms

A

Na+-amino acid co-transporter
H+-dipeptide co-transporter
H+-tripeptide co-transpower

74
Q

Loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, abdominal pain, dehydration, diarrhea are symptoms of

A

Pancreatitis

75
Q

Prematurely activated enzymes can lead to local damage of exocrine pancreas, which leads to?

A

Pancreatitis

76
Q

Insufficient production and secretion of digestive enzymes (which can be caused by long-term pancreatitis) is a cause of what?

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

77
Q

Destruction of cells producing digestive enzymes is a cause of what?

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

78
Q

Lack of digestion, malabsorption, weight loss, nutrient deficiencies are all symptoms of

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

79
Q

Defect or absence of Na+/amino acid co-transporter is a cause of

A

Cystinuria

80
Q

Crystal formation and calculi, urinary blockages, are symptoms of

A

Cystinuria

Physiology Exam 3 (13 decks)

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