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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 8: Intestinal Transport and Liver Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Intestinal Transport and Liver Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Secretory fluids from accessory organs, stomach, and intestine itself take up a

A

Substantial fraction of ECF volume

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2
Q

Enterosystemic cycle

A

Daily exchange of several times total volume of body water

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3
Q

Net movement of fluid into and out of intestinal lumen every 24 hours

A

Enterosystemic cycle

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4
Q

Where are the major reabsorptive sites?

A

Distal SI + LI

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5
Q

What kind of eater has the largest volumes of secretions

A

Herbivores

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6
Q

Apical membrane has what channels

A

Cl channels

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7
Q

When Cl goes into the lumen, what follows, and what follows after?

A

Na follows Cl, water follows NaCl

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8
Q

What transporters does basolateral membrane have?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase
Na+/K+/2Cl co-transporter

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9
Q

Cl channels are normally

A

Closed

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10
Q

What will Cl channels open in response to?

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters binding basolateral membrane

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11
Q

What does cholera cause

A

Secretory diarrhea

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12
Q

What routes for fluid and electrolyte absorption

A

Transcellular and paracellular

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13
Q

What determines the route taken

A

Permeability of tight junctions between enterocytes

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14
Q

What locations are tight junctions “tight”

A

Stomach and colon

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15
Q

What locations are tight junctions “leaky”

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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16
Q

When tight junctions are leaky, is it easier or harder for fluid and ions to move paracellular?

A

Easier

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17
Q

Fluid absorbed is always

A

isosmotic

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18
Q

What is the major site for Na+ absorption

A

Jejunum

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19
Q

What transporter is used for Na absorption in jejunum?

A

Na-dependent co-transporters

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20
Q

Ileum net absorption or secretion of NaCl?

A

Absorption

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21
Q

What transporter is in the enterocyte apical membrane of ileum?

A

Cl-/HCO3-

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22
Q

What transporter is in the enterocyte basolateral membrane?

A

Cl- transporter

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23
Q

Apical membrane of colon has what channels?

A

Na and K channels

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24
Q

Synthesis of Na+ channels in colon is induced by

A

Aldosterone

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25
Q

Synthesis of Na+ channels in colon is induced by aldosterone, which leads to absorption of what and secretion of what

A

Increased absorption of Na
Increased secretion of K+

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26
Q

Fecal concentrations of K+ in

A

Herbivores

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27
Q

Why are fecal concentrations of K+ in herbivores

A

K+ high in forages

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28
Q

Loss of large volumes of ECF-type fluid from GIT leads to (ECF volume, intravascular volume, arterial blood pressure)

A

All decrease

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29
Q

Large loss of volumes of ECF-type fluid from GIT leads to what receptors being stimulated?

A

Baroreceptors to restore BP

30
Q

High K+ losses in ECF =

A

Hypokalemia

31
Q

Circulatory collapse is an issue associated with

A

Severe diarrhea

32
Q

High HCO3 losses relative to Cl losses can lead to

A

Hypochloremic metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

33
Q

Loss of bicarb from GIT signals what to the kidneys

A

To reabsorb NaCl (because Na usually lost from GIT with bicarb lost)

34
Q

What is activated when bicarb is lost from GIT and Na needs to be reabsorbed

A

RAAS activated -> Stimulates Na/H exchanger

35
Q

Decreased surface area (cause of diarrhea) can be due to

A

Infections
Inflammation of SI

36
Q

Osmotic diarrhea can be due to

A

Non-absorbable solutes

37
Q

Secretory diarrhea can be due to

A

Excessive secretions of fluid by crypt cells which permanently activates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP levels high

38
Q

Excessive secretions of fluid by crypt cells activate? Leading to?

A

Adenylyl cyclase;
High cAMP levels

39
Q

Liver receives portal blood from

A

Stomach, SI, LI, pancreas, spleen

40
Q

Functions of liver

A
  • Process absorbed substances
  • Synthesis and excretion of bile acids
  • Bilirubin production and excretion
  • Metabolism of nutrients
  • Detoxification and excretion of waste products
41
Q

Bile equation/formation

A

Cholesterol > Bile acids > Conjugate with glycine or taurine > Bile salts

42
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system removes ______ _____

A

Senescent RBC

43
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system degrades ________

A

Hemoglobin

44
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system degrades hemoglobin > _______

A

Biliverdin

45
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system degrades hemoglobin > Biliverdin > _______

A

Bilirubin

46
Q

Bilirubin binds

A

Albumin in blood

47
Q

Bilirubin binds albumin in blood > _____

A

Liver

48
Q

Bilirubin binds albumin in blood > Liver > conjugated to

A

Glucuronic acid

49
Q

Conjugated bilirubin excreted in ____ AND secreted in ____

A

Urine; bile

50
Q

Conjugated bilirubin excreted in urine and secreted in bile –> ______ and ____

A

Terminal ileum and colon

51
Q

Conjugated bilirubin excreted in urine and secreted in bile –> terminal ileum and colon –> deconjugated to ______ AND ____ + _____

A

urobilinogen AND urobilin + stercobilin

52
Q

Which bilirubin deconjugation is excreted in feces

A

urobilin and stercobilin

53
Q

Some of this bilirubin conjugation goes back to the liver

A

urobilinogen

54
Q

Increased destruction of RBC and build up of unconjugated bilirubin

A

Jaundice

55
Q

Jaundice can be due to what 2 things

A

Obstruction of bile duct
Liver disease

56
Q

Use glycerol + glucogenic AA to synthesize glucose AFTER stored glycogen exhausted

A

Gluconeogenesis

57
Q

Occurs after meal –> Synthesizing glycogen [highly branched chains of glucose]

A

Glycogenesis

58
Q

Glycogen

A

Highly branched chains of glucose

59
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose –> Stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

A

Glycogenolysis

60
Q

Liver synthesizes what kind of amino acids

A

Non-essential

61
Q

Liver modifies amino acids using

A

Glucogenic AA to make glucose

62
Q

What plasma proteins does liver synthesize

A

Albumin, clotting factors

63
Q

Liver converts ammonia to

A

urea

64
Q

What does liver do in lipid metabolism for fatty acids

A

Fatty acid oxidation (energy)

65
Q

Liver synthesizes what as far as lipid metabolism goes

A

Lipoproteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile acids, HDLs, LDLs

66
Q

What stimulates glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

67
Q

First pass metabolism

A

Liver receives ALL substances absorbed from the GIT

68
Q

In liver, bacteria are phagocytized by

A

Hepatic Kupffer cells

69
Q

Liver modifies toxin to be; for

A

Water soluble for excretion in urine or bile

70
Q

Phase I reactions include

A

Oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis/cyclization reactions

71
Q

Phase II reactions include

A

Conjugation reactions (solubilize compound; transferases)

Physiology Exam 3 (13 decks)

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