Lecture 6: Human Population

Question 1

Human populations during the stone age were ____.

Answer 1

low

Question 2

All density-dependent growth limiting factors applied:

Answer 2

• Competition for food
• Availability of water
• Risk of predation
• Spread of disease

Question 3

About ______ years ago, ____ ____ migrated out of Africa into the ____ _____.

Answer 3

• 130,000
• Homo sapiens
• Fertile Crescent

Question 4

Transition from hunting and gathering to cultivating food, fiber, and other animal and plant products

Answer 4

First Agricultural Revolution

Question 5

loosens up soil for planting

Answer 5

Plowing

Question 6

is the selection of human-desired traits in domesticated species

Answer 6

Breeding

Question 7

Transition from an rural, agrarian society to an urbanized one dominated by machine manufacturing

Answer 7

Industrial Revolution

Question 8

Accompanied by several important medical discoveries in Industrial Evolution

Answer 8

• Germ theory
• Vaccines
• Antibiotics
• Water treatment

Question 9

Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Answer 9

Germ Theory

Question 10

Injections of dead and weakened viruses to prevent disease

Answer 10

Vaccines

Question 11

Chemicals that selectively kill bacteria.

Answer 11

Antibiotics

Question 12

Filtration and chlorination of water to remove
microorganisms and toxins.

Answer 12

Water Treatment

Question 13

estimates how long it will take a population to
double in size at its current growth rate

Answer 13

Doubling time

Question 14

formula for doubling time

Answer 14

70 / Current % growth rate

Question 15

As growth rate _____, doubling time _____ proportionally.

Answer 15

• increases, decrease

Question 16

Statistical characteristics of the human population based on age, income, and other factors.

Answer 16

Human Demographics

Question 17

measures how long an average newborn will live

Answer 17

Life expectancy

Question 18

Life expectancy is most influenced by _____ _____ ____.

Answer 18

Infant mortality rate

Question 19

• is the number of infant (less than 1 year old) deaths per 1,000 births.

Answer 19

infant mortality rate

Question 20

the replacement level and will result in a stable population.

Answer 20

Fertility rate of 2.1

Question 21

is the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Answer 21

Total fertility rate

Question 22

is the total value of goods and services produced per year, per person

Answer 22

GDP per capita

Question 23

Positive factors that is included in GDP per capita

Answer 23

▫ Infrastructure
▫ Rate of volunteering
▫ Ecosystem services

Question 24

Negatuve factors that is not included in GDP per capita

Answer 24

▫ Income inequality
▫ Pollution
▫ Impacts of climate change
▫ Crime

Question 25

is when people move into an area, increasing population.

Answer 25

Immigration

Question 26

is when people leave an area, decreasing population

Answer 26

Emigration

Question 27

Population pyramids show the distribution of age groups separated by ____ and _____.

Answer 27

male and female

Question 28

4 kinds of population pyramids

Answer 28

- Initial Stability - Rapid Growth - Stabilizing growth - Negative growth

Question 29

▫ High birth rate (>2.1) offset by low life expectancy

Answer 29

Initial Stability

Question 30

High birth rate (>2.1) plus increasing life expectancy

Answer 30

Rapid growth

Question 31

▫ High life expectancy. ▫ Birth rate slows to replacement level (~2.1)

Answer 31

Stabilizing growth

Question 32

Birth rate drops below replacement level (<2.1)

Answer 32

Negative growth

Question 33

How demographics change as a country develops and industrializes.

Answer 33

Demographic transition

Question 34

Four stages of demographic transition

Answer 34

- Pre-industrial - Transitional - Industrial - Postindustrial

Question 35

Experiencing shifts in demographic transition, which impact overall population size

Answer 35

Birth rate and death rate

Question 36

birth rates and death rates are both high, 22 keeping the population stable

Answer 36

Preindustrial stage

Question 37

children support the family income and care for elders

Answer 37

Prontalist pressures

Question 38

death rates fall rapidly as access to food and medicine improve.

Answer 38

Early transition

Question 39

birth rates gradually fall through a series of social changes.

Answer 39

late transition stage

Question 40

birth rates reach equilibrium death rates, and the population stabilizes

Answer 40

industrial stage

Question 41

birth rates continue falling due to a series of antinatalist forces. - High economic costs; both parents work full time. - The population begins to shrink.

Answer 41

post-industrial stage

Question 42

China used a program of birth quotas, regulations, and enforcements to rapidly pass through the demographic transition and reduce population growth.

Answer 42

China's one and two-child policy

Question 43

The human population will ____ as each country passes through the ____ ____.

Answer 43

- stabilize - Demographic transition