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Biochem 2 > Lecture 6 - Lipid Catabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Lipid Catabolism Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What does the breakdown of lipids produce?

A

Acetyl CoA and potential energy that can be used in the ETC or other reactions that produce NADH

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2
Q

How are fatty acids converted to acetyl CoA?

A

Beta-oxidation

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3
Q

How are fatty acids converted to NADH and FADH2?

A

Beta-oxidation

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4
Q

Are fatty acids amphipathic or aliphatic?

A

Both

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5
Q

What type of fatty acids are the least soluble in water?

A

Long chain saturated fatty acids

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6
Q

Are fatty acids typically found in free form?

A

No, they are often found in complex lipids

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7
Q

What are the most common monocarboxylic acids?

A

C12 - C24

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8
Q

What are the most common unsaturated fatty acids?

A

C18 and C20

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9
Q

What usually occurs when more than one double bond are found in one fatty acid?

A

The double bonds are separate by a methylene group

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10
Q

In most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, the double bonds are in the ____ configuration

A

Cis

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11
Q

What do fatty acids consist of?

A
  • Carboxyl group

- Hydrocarbon chain

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12
Q

Acetic acid

A

2 carbons

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13
Q

Capric acid

A

10 carbons

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14
Q

Lauric acid

A

12 carbons

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15
Q

Palmitic acid

A

16 carbons

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16
Q

Stearic acid

A

18 carbons

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17
Q

Arachidic acid

A

20 carbons

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18
Q

Palmitoleic acid

A

16 carbons, double bond at C9

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19
Q

Oleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bond at C9

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20
Q

Linoleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bonds at C9 and C12

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21
Q

Gamma-linoleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bonds at C6, C9, and C12

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22
Q

Alpha-linoleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bonds at C9, C12, and C15

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23
Q

What does an omega sign mean with respect to fatty acids?

A

Whatever number is next to the omega is the last double bonded carbon when counting from the end of the chain

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24
Q

What are the 2 main types of lipids?

A

1) Storage (neutral)

2) Membrane (polar)

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25
What are the simplest lipids constructed from fatty acids?
Neutral triacylglycerol
26
What is another name for triacylglycerols?
Triglycerides
27
What are triacylglycerols made of?
3 fatty acyl units (one on each end and one in the middle)
28
What are the most common membrane lipids?
Glycerophospholipids
29
What is the first step of lipid catabolism?
Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine, forming mixed micelles
30
What is the second step of lipid catabolism?
Intestinal lipases degrade triacylglycerols
31
What is the third step of lipid catabolism?
Fatty acids and other breakdown products are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into triacylglycerols
32
What is the fourth step of lipid catabolism?
Triacylglycerols are incorporated, with cholesterol and apolipoproteins, into chylomicrons
33
What is the fifth step of lipid catabolism?
Chylomicrons move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to tissues
34
What is the sixth step of lipid catabolism?
Lipoprotein lipase converts triacylglycerols to fatty acids and glycerol
35
What is the seventh step of lipid catabolism?
Fatty acids enter cells
36
What is the eighth step of lipid catabolism?
Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or re-esterified for storage
37
Which type of fatty acids are the main source of energy for animals?
Long chain fatty acids
38
What are 3 sources of fatty acids?
1) Diet 2) Cell storage 3) Synthesis
39
Which enzymes convert triglycerides and phospholipids to fatty acids?
Lipases
40
Where are lipases produced?
In the pancreas
41
What is the main function of lipases?
Breakdown triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
42
Ingested triglycerides are water ______
Insoluble
43
What happens to ingested triglycerides in the intestines?
- They are emulsified by bile salts (detergents) | - Lipases break them down to fatty acids and glycerol which are taken up by intestinal mucosa
44
What happens to triglycerides stored in adipose tissue?
Broken down by lipases, which are triggered by hormonal signals (epinephrine and glucagon)
45
Which enzyme converts glycerol to glycerol phosphate?
Glycerol kinase
46
Which enzyme converts glycerol phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
47
What is the head group of phosphatidic acid?
-H
48
What is the head group of phosphatidylethanolamine?
-CH2-CH2-NH3+
49
What is the head group of phosphatidylcholine?
-CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3
50
What is the head group of phosphatidylserine?
-CH2-CH(COO-)-NH3+
51
What is the head group of phosphatidylglycerol?
-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-OH
52
What is the net charge of phosphatidic acid?
-1
53
What is the net charge of phosphatidylethanolamine?
0
54
What is the net charge of phosphatidylcholine?
0
55
What is the net charge of phosphatidylserine?
-1
56
What is the net charge of phosphatidylglycerol?
-1
57
Phospholipases are important for _____
Intracellular signals
58
What is a lysophospholipid?
A phospholipid from which one of the fatty acyl chains has been removed
59
What does phospholipase C act on and what does it produce?
- Phosphatidyl inositol-4,5 bisphosphate | - Diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5 triphosphate which are intracellular second messengers
60
What does phospholipase A2 release?
Arachidonic acid

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