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Biochem 2 > Lecture 1 - Glycolysis > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What type of reaction does a synthase enzyme catalyze?

A

Condensation reactions without requirement of a nucleoside triphosphate

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2
Q

What are the 2 important equations to find delta G?

A
  • delta G = -RTlnKeq

- delta G = -nF delta E

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3
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

During energy rich phases, to build more glucose for storage

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4
Q

What is the major difference between fermentation and production of acetyl-CoA?

A
  • Fermentation produces a net of 2 ATP

- Acetyl-CoA production produces a net of 32 ATP

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5
Q

What is glucose stored as?

A

Glycogen or starch

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6
Q

What type of reaction does a synthetase enzyme catalyze?

A

Condensation reactions that use nucleoside triphosphates

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7
Q

What type of reaction does a ligase enzyme catalyze?

A

Condensation reactions in which 2 atoms are joined together, using ATP as the energy source

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8
Q

What type of reaction does a lyase enzyme catalyze?

A

Cleavage with electronic rearrangements

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9
Q

What type of reaction does a kinase enzyme catalyze?

A

Transfer phosphoryl groups

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10
Q

What type of reaction does a phosphatase enzyme catalyze?

A

Removal of a phosphoryl group from a phosphate ester

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11
Q

What type of reaction does a phosphorylase enzyme catalyze?

A

Displacement reactions in which phosphate is the attacking species

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12
Q

Does hexokinase work in one or both directions?

A

One

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13
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose (reverse of step 1)?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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14
Q

Does phosphohexose isomerase work in one or both directions?

A

Both

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15
Q

What is the cofactor in step 2?

A

Mg2+

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16
Q

Does phosphofructokinase work in one or both directions?

A

One

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17
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate (reverse of step 3)?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

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18
Q

What are the cofactors for step 3?

A
  • ATP -> ADP

- Mg2+

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19
Q

What are the cofactors for the reverse of step 3?

A
  • H2O in

- Pi out

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20
Q

What is phosphofructokinase inhibited by?

A

High energy signals ATP and citrate

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21
Q

What is phosphofructokinase activated by?

A

Low energy signals ADP and AMP

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22
Q

What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activated by?

A

High energy signals ATP and citrate

23
Q

What is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibited by?

A

Low energy signals ADP and AMP

24
Q

What is the general function of phosphofructokinase?

A

Generate energy when energy levels are low

25
What is the general function of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase?
Store energy when energy levels are high
26
What happens to an enzyme in the presence of an activator?
Binds and converts the enzyme to the more active R-state
27
What happens to an enzyme in the presence of an inhibitor?
Binds and converts the enzyme to the less active T-state
28
What does phosphofructokinase have binding sites for?
Fructose-6-phosphate, ATP, and ADP
29
Does aldolase work in one or both directions?
Both
30
Which direction is favoured in step 4 and how is this counteracted?
- Formation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (reverse) is favoured - Counteracted by the products being removed quickly in following steps
31
Does triose phosphate isomerase work in one or both directions?
Both
32
Does G-3-P dehydrogenase work in one or both directions?
Both
33
What are the cofactors of step 6?
- Pi in | - NAD+ -> NADH and H+
34
What are the cofactors of step 7?
- ADP -> ATP | - Mg2+
35
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
The addition of a phosphate group from the substrate to ADP
36
Does phosphoglycerate work in one or both directions?
Both
37
What is the purpose of Mg2+ as a cofactor?
To silence the 2- charge of phosphate be transferred
38
Does phosphoglyercate mutase work in one or both directions?
Both
39
What is the cofactor for step 8?
Mg2+
40
Does enolase work in one or both directions?
Both
41
What is the cofactor of step 9 and what does this do?
- H2O out - Shifts the energy state of the molecule, so that much more energy is released with the removal of the phosphate from PEP
42
Why does phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) have a greater negative G than 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PGA)?
Because PEP really wants to get rid of its phosphate group
43
Does pyruvate kinase work in one or both directions?
One
44
What are the cofactors in step 10?
- ADP -> ATP | - Mg2+ and K+
45
How can pyruvate be converted back to PEP?
- Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase - Oxaloacetate is converted to PEP by PEP carboxykinase
46
What are the cofactors needed in the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
- CO2 in | - ATP -> ADP
47
What are the cofactors needed in the conversion of oxaloacetate to PEP?
- GTP -> GDP | - CO2 out
48
Where is pyruvate carboxylase found?
Mammalian liver and kidneys
49
Where is PEP carboxykinase found?
Heart and skeletal muscle
50
Why is pyruvate kinase inhibited?
So that PEP can be used to make glucose
51
What happens to the NADH produced by glycolysis?
It is re-oxidized in the mitochondria via the ETC
52
How can glycolysis take place with lactose as the starter molecule?
- Lactose is converted to galactose - Galactose is converted to Glc-1-P - Glc-1-P is converted to Glc-6-P and the rest of glycolysis occurs normally
53
How can glycolysis take place with glycogen or starch as a starter molecule?
- Glycogen or starch are converted to Glc-1-P | - Glc-1-P is converted to Glc-6-P and the rest of glycolysis occurs normally

Biochem 2 (40 decks)

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