Lecture 6: migration as adaptation Flashcards by Callum Jones

What is a foresight?

Group

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Who created the DTM?

Thompson (1972)

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Who created the mobility transition model?

Zelinsky (1971)

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What is stage 1 of the MTM?

pre-modern society: little spatial mobility, low migration and confined to inter-rural field

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What is stage 2 of the MTM?

Early transitional society: undergone change which caused migration to increase driven by the individual hope for economic opportuities

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What is stage 3 of the MTM?

Late transitional: society develops causing rural-urban migration to decrease and instead inter-urban migration increases

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What is stage 4 of the MTM?

Advanced society: highly developed society whereby urban-rural migration increases as the society is now so connected that access to economic activities are connected everywhere

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What is stage 5 of the MTM?

Future super-advanced society: inter and intra-urban migration. Not a stage but a growing speculation

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What are circulation and diurnal migration?

Circulation: temporary shift in residence involving 1+nights away
Diurnal: commuting or shopping

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Why is migration the most challenging aspect of population projectiosn?

because migration is very unpredictable and does not have an international standard of measurement

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What are 6 reasons for moving?

Household risk diversification
Macro-scale systems
cultural norms
lifestyle
city lights effect
love
persecution
climate change (amplifies all mentioned)

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What is expected to happen to international migration as an amount and % of overall migration?

expected to increase in amount but because the population is expected to overall increase in size the % will decrease.

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How many internal and international migrants were there in 2009?

Internal = 740 million
International = 210 million

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What is climate change expected to do for displacement?

Expected to increase displacement but this will be concentrated in the developing low income countries

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Why will displacement be concentrated in the developing and low income countries?

Because they rely most upon the ecosystems and environments that will be worst affected.

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What are the types of climatic stimuli?

Sudden onset (e.g. floods) that can drive sudden migration
Slow onset (e.g droughts)  that can cause gradual migration through massive changes to people's livelihoods. 
Exacerbation of effects from climate change as well as introduction of new ones

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What are the identified 4 hotspots of cliamtic stimuli through climate change?

Arctic (perfafrost, sea and ice melt)
High latitudes and wet tropics (heavy precipitation and floods)
Mid to low latitudes and dry tropics (drought and water scarcity)
Coastal plains, deltas and small islands (erosion, storm surges, sea level rise and salinization)

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What migration happened after Hurricane Katrina?

internal migration from places like new orleans to Texas

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What migration happened after hurricane Mitch?

Rapid migration from central america and mexico to US.

What happened during the mexico droughts to migration?

Feng et al. (2010) 10% decrease in agricultural production due to droughts led to an associated 2% rise in Mexico-US migration. This fed in to New Economics of Labour migration

What is household diversification and what is it linked to?

When a household decides to diversify the people part of it in to other sectors so that if one sector and therefore one family member is unable to provide income then the other family members will support them. Contrasting to if they all worked in the same job (e.g. family farm). This is linked to something called the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM)

What might migration be dependent upon as well as climate change?

Sometimes people move knowing that if they move there will be economic opportunities elsewhere

What is step-wise migration?

Carrying out multiple steps to reach an end-goal migration destination. For example people might move intra to an urban area to enough money to move to a city where they can then earn enough money and skills to move to a new country where those skills are desired.

What is important to remember about migration as an adaptation strategy?

It is only one form of adaptation that is not available to everyone. However it could also not be an option desired by those people that have access to it or it may be the only option available for some

What role can remittances play towards adaptaion?

they can provide capital that can be used to generate more capital in the source country that could either be at a family level or a community or national level.

Apart from economic opportunities as an alternative incentive to climate change migration what is another?

the knowledge of transnational communities that would make immmigration to a new country a lot easier knowing that there are familiar faces there

what support is currently in place for climate migrants?

nothing

What is the closest thing to a 'climte migrant'?

Environmentally-displaced migrant.

Who proposed the idea of a climate refugee?

Hartmann (2010)

What would be the intention of creating a 'climate refugee' status?

To provide protection to those people who are displaced under international law

What is a Nancet idea?

This an internationally universal passport that would give holders the ability to migrate to any country they wanted.

Why might a Nancet be unsuitable or unnecessary?

1. Because the self-reported reasons for migration are now always migration.

What are possible reasons that migrants do not outline climate change as the main reasons for their migration?

1. They do not see it as a threat to them because either they are unaware of the severity of the situation, have anterior motives,

What might affect whether people perceive climate change as a major threat to them and therefore the main reason for migrating?

If you informed them about the risk or you asked the people affected by a climate change amplified weather event straight after the event. The urgency of climate change may be amplified in their minds in these settings

What is a migrant cluster?

When environmentally-displaced migrants agglomerate in the same place

How might the pattern of places affected by climate change affect migration as an adaptation strategy?

They could emigrate from a place of high risk to a neighbouring country or region that is just as badly affected by climate change

Where are a lot of countries affected by climate change directly clustered? What problems may this pose?

In either Africa or South Asia. People displaced in one country may be forced to simply migrate to another neighbouring country just as badly affected

What problem could occur as a result of a climate migrant cluster?

Migrants may agglomerate in one place which would stretch resources in that area between few people.

what is a possible solution to a migrant cluster?

Planned migration

What are 4 challenges with planned migration?

1. policy decision making process - who to include and why 2. perceptions of justice and fairness 3. impacts on material and subjective wellbeing 4. what role should the host country provide

What did de Sherebin et al. (2011) state?

- encourages temporary protected status | - resettlement already underway in places like Mekong River Delta, Vietnam and Limpopo River, Mozambique

What are some recommendations for planned resettlement outlined by de Sherebin et al. (2011)?

legal frameworks involve both communities, interdisciplinary training for resettlement professionals baseline assessments for resettlement performance

What did Farbotko and Lazrus (2012) state?

- 'climate refugee' status is detrimental to community strength and resilience - president Tong of Kiribati does not want his people to leave refugees but as trained skilled workers - media and governance should tune in to the debates and information generated in affected countries

What did Bettini (2013) state?

Massive discussion around climate migration and climate refugees will not do anything to help those in need of assistance

What did Black et al. (2011) state?

- Conventional narratives of this environment-induced migration are usually negative however this is not a true reflection of the situation - voluntary migration should become more available by removing administrative/legal barriers