Lecture 8: governance

Question 1

What are the 3 ways of attaining legitimate governance?

Answer 1

Consent
Consensus
Concord

Question 2

Who described climate change as a ‘wicked’ problem?

Answer 2

Rayner and Okereke, 2007

Question 3

What are 7 reasons why climate change is so difficult to tackle?

Answer 3

1. Time-scale of problem (urgency is tame)
2. Vested interests divert government attention
3. Causes and impacts are global
4. interdependence and feedbacks involved
5. Large uncertainty
6. Only partially formed global institutions to handle problem
7. Not a silver bullet solution
8. Does not fit well with current manner of politics

Question 4

What are the overriding factors for how climate change is a difficult problem to solve?

Answer 4

Scale, uncertainty, culturally complex, multiple actors involved

Question 5

Outline the scale factor for why climate change is difficult to handle

Answer 5

global issue with global impacts but with asymetrical variation which affects multiple levels. Furthermore,, the problem can be directly manifested for different regions and localities.

Question 6

Outline the uncertainty factor for why climate change is difficult to handle

Answer 6

long term problem but with short-term consequences, no silver bullet solution, cross cuts lots of different spheres of society

Question 7

Outline the culturally complex factor for why climate change is difficult to handle

Answer 7

Temporarily and spatially distant, the risk is not always tangible in daily life and has different meanings for different people.

Question 8

Outline the multiple actors involved factor for why climate change is difficult to handle?

Answer 8

multiple industry sectors, different lobby groups, financial groups/bodies, different scales of government intertwined

Question 9

What was the UNFCCC created for?

Answer 9

To grapple above issues of handling climate change at international level

Question 10

Outline 3 things that happened in the pre-1990 phase of historical international climate governance period

Answer 10

Club of Rome Limits to Growth
Bruntland Report
WMO, UNEP and IPCC all set up

Question 11

Outline what happened in the 1991-1996 phase of historical international climate governance period

Answer 11

1992 Rio conference

Question 12

What were 4 aspects of the Rio 1992 conference?

Answer 12

1. common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities
2. global south particularly vulnerable
3. New international blocks created
4. Establishes conference of the parties (COP)

Question 13

Outline what happened in the 1997-2001 phase of historical international climate governance period

Answer 13

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

Question 14

What were 3 aspects of the Kyoto 1997 conference?

Answer 14

1. quantified mitigation targets
2. emissions trading, offsetting, sustainable forestry
3. clean development mechanism created

Question 15

How was 1997 Kyoto limited?

Answer 15

1. Took till 2005 to come in to force
2. Targets were too low
3. Disagreement on key issues
4. US withdrew
5. China not classed as Annex1

Question 16

What were 4 things that happened in the 2002-2007 phase of international climate governance history?

Answer 16

IPCC AR4
Stern Review
Kyoto’s clean development scheme
Bali (COP13) road map produced for post-kyoto

Question 17

What were 4 things that happened in the 2008-2014 phase of international climate governance history?

Answer 17

Climategate scandal
Global financial crisis
Barack Obama elected
COP15 in Copenhagen

Question 18

What were 2 aspects of the Copenhagen COP15?

Answer 18

Limit temperature rise to 2oC and transfer finances from developed to developing countries

Question 19

What were 3 things that happened post 2014-?

Answer 19

1. IPCC AR5
2. China-US deal
3. COP21

Question 20

What was the China-US deal?

Answer 20

Both greatly reduce emissions

Question 21

What was the limitations of the COP21 agreement?

Answer 21

Nationally determined contributions left complete responsibility in the hands of individual countries. No collective means of enforcement and there were few quantified specific targets

Question 22

What did Barnett (2007) state with the problem of geopolitics of scale specifically to climate change?

Answer 22

Climate change may not be a compatible issue with political geography of territoriality bounded nations

Question 23

What did Bulkeley (2005) state with the problem of geopolitics of scale specifically to climate change?

Answer 23

It is a multi scalar issue that requires multi-scale coordination which is quite challenging

Question 24

What is an alternative form of governance to the international level that could have great promise?

Answer 24

Cities

Question 25

What is the consent modality of authorisation? who produced it?

Answer 25

Monitoring and standard setting of bodies that all constituents must follow in order to avoid experiencing some form of exclusion. Bulkeley (2012)

Question 26

What is an example consent modality?

Answer 26

Company leaderbords

Question 27

What is the consensus modality of authorisation? who produced it?

Answer 27

arrangements seeks to secure constituents around common positions and translate their efforts in to standardised measures of benefits. Bulkeley (2012)

Question 28

What is an example consensus modality?

Answer 28

unforseeable economic gains from certain actions that they can all understand

Question 29

Who outlined all the reasons why climate change is such a difficult problem?

Answer 29

Rayner (2007)

Question 30

What did Rayner (2007) state needed to change about current framing of climate change problem?

Answer 30

move away from current ones characterised by avoiding immediate costs/risks and accepting that there are inevitably going to be immediate costs involved if we are to make significant progress

Question 31

What two options did Rayner (2007) outline as possible ways of effective emissions reduction?

Answer 31

1. A global emissions reductions regime | 2. coordinated orchestra of efforts to produce effective results

Question 32

What are the limitations of the Copenhagen Accord that followed COP21 and who outlined them?

Answer 32

Dimitrov (2016) outlined that: 1. nonbinding decleration 2. unspecified lists of countries 3. remarkably light in content with no global targets 4. a free floating agreement without an institutional home and with ambiguous status in international law

Question 33

What did Dimitrov (2016) outline was a slight bonus of the Copenhagen Accord?

Answer 33

It led to city policy initiatives and transnational city networks amongst hundreds of citiess

Question 34

What did Betsil (2017) outline?

Answer 34

Trump's suggestion that the Paris Accord infringes on US sovereignty overlooks the 'bottom-up' approach. However, trump's decision to withdraw may galvanise more aggressive action that would have occurred otherwise towards climate governance

Question 35

How many Americans opposed the US withdrawal from COP21 accord?

Answer 35

59%

Question 36

What is the C40 cities (2012) initiative?

Answer 36

Cities as the main tool to climate change governance

Question 37

Why are cities likely to be a good way of governing climate change?

Answer 37

1. Because city mayors are directly accountable to their constituents 2. What cities do to address climate change can set the agenda for communities and governments elsewhere 3. Majority of humans will live in cities and so it makes sense that our solution to climate change will reside there too

Question 38

What has already been achieved in city-scale governance of climate change?

Answer 38

1. City-to-city collaboration | 2. Nearly 10,000 actions are in effect in C40 cities with over 78% of actions reported for expansion in 2015.