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Geography of Canada > Lecture 6: Ontario > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Ontario Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

Why did Ontario become a “have not province”?

A

The 2008 global recession

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2
Q

What were the two options that Drummond and Burton proposed for Ontario in 2008 when it was at a “fork in the road”?

A
  1. Remain in auto manufacturing industry and experience slow growth
  2. Reinvent itself leading to economy driven by high technology
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3
Q

Since Drummond and Burleton’s 2008 report, did Ontario regain its footing? Did it follow dominance curve or wither curve?

A

Yes, it followed the regain dominance curve rather than the wither curve

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4
Q

What are the two environmental challenges that Ontario faces?

A
  1. Air pollution
  2. Water pollution
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5
Q

Where does most of Ontario’s air pollution come from? How can this stop?

A

Vehicle exhaust - when Canadians’ love affair with the automobile ends, which is difficult because of the vast physical geography and urban sprawl

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6
Q

How is Ontario doing in terms of electric car sales?

A

Far behind BC and Quebec, not likely to increase due to Ontario removing consumer subsidy

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7
Q

What is helping Ontario’s air pollution?

A

Switch from coal power, smog no longer a big issue (Toronto had none in 2014)

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8
Q

Where is polluted drinking water most common in Ontario?

A

Indigenous communities

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9
Q

Who funds drinking water in Indigenous communities?

A

80% federal gov, 20% band council (indigenous) - however band councils often do not have financial resources or expertise (they are responsible for building and maintaining it)

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10
Q

Why did the automobile industry fall in Ontario?

A

Developping countries taking over with lower wages - especially Mexico joining NAFTA

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11
Q

What is keeping the auto industry alive in Ontario?

A

Robotic technology and government support

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12
Q

When did automobile production jobs peak in Ontario?

A

1999 and 2000

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13
Q

How many automobile assembly plants are there in Southern Ontario?

A

8

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14
Q

How did Mexico joining NAFTA impact the autombobile industry? How does the new USCMA try to mitigate it?

A

Wages in Mexico are much lower. The USCMA now contains an agreement saying that Mexico auto manufacturers must pay US$16/h to their workers it only applies to 30% of manufacturing in 2023, then 40%

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15
Q

What are the consequences of rising housing prices? (3 consequences)

A

Demise of suburbia, reduced family sizes, homelessness

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16
Q

Where is the Welland Canal?

A

Connects Lake Erie and Lake Ontario

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17
Q

What is the point of the Welland Canal?

A

So ships can pass through and avoid Niagara falls

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18
Q

How was the original Welland canal built?

A

By hand

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19
Q

How many times was the Welland Canal reconstructed to accomodate bigger boats?

A

3 times, 4 canals

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20
Q

Where is Ontario’s economy evolving towards?

A

Knowledge based sector

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21
Q

Why will Ontario likely remain anchored as the centre of Canada’s economy (4 reasons)?

A
  1. large population (39%)
  2. median personal income above national median
  3. greatest cluster of cities, universities, and tech/research centres
  4. central location within NA with several high-volume border crossings into the USA
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22
Q

What 3 physiological regions are found in Ontario?

A
  1. Hudson Bay Lowlands
  2. Canadian Shield
  3. Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands
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23
Q

How much land mass and population does Northern Ontario occupy?

A

80% land mass, 6% population

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24
Q

How did the most variable topgraphy in Ontario, Niagara escarpment form?

A

Resistant rock remained while weaker rock eroded away

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25
What air masses impact the temperature in Ontario in the summer and winter
Summer = hot and humid masses originating in Southeast US and Gulf of Mexico Winter = cold air masses that originate from prairies and north
26
Where are snowbelts found?
Downwind of lakes (in winter it is often from northwest)
27
How is lake effect snow formed?
Cold air moving over relatively warm water
28
What lakes do London, Kitchener, and Windsor get lake effect snow from?
London and Kitchener from Lake Huron, Windor from Lake Michigan
29
What part of Ontario received a lot of lake effect clouds?
Southern Ontario → Toronto particularly
30
How does ice impact lake effect clouds and snow?
Ice formation on lakes diminish the effects
31
What causes thunderstorms and tornadoes in Southern Ontario?
When warm, moist air comes from Gulf of Mexico and interacts with cooler lake breezes
32
What does Ontario mean in Iroquois?
Beautiful lakes
33
How are the largest body of fresh water in the world (combination of great lakes) connected?
Through straits (referred to as rivers)
34
Who is responsible for management and care of Great Lakes?
Shared by US and Canada
35
What are the biggest and smallest lakes by volume?
Superior and Erie
36
What does the Welland Canal do?
Allows ships to bypass Niagara Falls
37
What connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean?
St. Lawrence Seaway
38
What is Eutrophication? (will be on exam)
The addition of phosphates into lakes from fertilizers and chemicals that run off from agricultural lands)
39
What are two invasive species are found in Great Lakes
Sea lamprey and goby
40
When did the provincial government close the last coal power plant in Ontario? What replaced them?
2014 → Natural gas, nuclear plants, and renewable enerygy
41
How many wind turbines in Ontario and how much of the electricity demand do they power?
2500 → 8%
42
Where are the best spots for wind turbines?
Flat landscapes that are relatively close to lake shorelines → too much wooded area north of Toronto
43
How was Detroit named?
French words de étroit → the straight
44
Who founded the first settlelment in Ontario?
The French, petit coté (renamed Windsor)
45
When did British Loyalists come from US to Southern Ontario?
Lake 1700s
46
When did York become capital of Upper Canada?
1794 → renamed Toronto in 1834 with 10,000 people
47
What was the objective of the war of 1812 for the USA?
Annexation (similar to Russia in Ukraine)
48
What two groups (and their leaders names) merged together to hold back USA in 1812?
British forces (Major General Isaac Brock) and Indigenous forces (Chief Tecumseh)W
49
What battle did Isaac Brock die?
Battle of Queenston heights along Niagara River
50
What battle did Tecumseh die?
Battle of Thames (70km southwest of London)
51
What are the 5 regions in Ontario?
1. Northern 2. Eastern 3. Central 4. Golden Horseshoe 5. Southwestern
52
What is the Northern Ontario economy based on?
Forestry and mining
53
What is the Eastern Ontario economy based on?
Jobs in federal government
54
Describe the scanery in Eastern Ontario
Lakes, rivers, hills, waterfalls
55
What is the economy of Central Ontario based on?
Seasonal tourism and recreation
56
Describe the landscape of Central Ontario
Agriculture in south, forest in the north
57
What is the economy of the Golden Horseshoe based on?
Finance, Insurance, Health Care, and Education
58
What region of Ontario attracts the most immigrants than any other part of Canada?
Golden Horseshoe
59
What is the economy of Southwestern Ontario based on?
manufacturing and agriculture
60
What part of America is southwestern Ontario similar to?
Midwest
61
What US city influences the culture in the southernmost portion of Southwestern Ontario?
Detroit
62
Why is lumber demand decreasing in Northern Ontario?
Lower demand for paper → websites replacing newspapers, accounting billing and banking using less paper
63
What is the main export of Northern Ontario forestry?
Softwood
64
What is a contract signed between provincial governments and logging companies put strict regulations?
Annual Allowable Cut (AAC)
65
What minerals are in the Canadian Shield?
Gold, nickel, silver and copper
66
Why do mining towns have a short lifespan?
Minerals are non renewable and deplete over time
67
How is Northern Ontario's population growing compared to national average?
Slower
68
4 demographic charecteristics of Northern Ontario:
1. Aging population 2. Net emigration (especially younger people) 3. Few immigrants 4. A small but increasing Indigenous population
69
Why is settlelement difficult in Northern Ontario?
The rocky terrain
70
What are the two corridors in which the majority of Northern Ontario's population is located?
Northern branch of Trans-Canada highway (CN railroad) Southern branch of Trans-Canada highway (CP railroad)
71
Where is over half of the highest quality agricultural land (Class 1) in Canada? Why
Southern Ontario → temperature moderation from Great Lakes, moderate and consistent precipitation, fertile soil
72
Where is cropland and livestock farming in Ontario?
Cropland in southwest, livestock in Eastern
73
What is the most common crop in Southwestern Ontario?
Corn
74
Where and why is tobacco grown in Ontario?
Sandplain along north shore of Lake Erie → not much else can grow in sand
75
Where are tomatoes and grapes grown?
Extreme southwestern Ontario (leamington)
76
Where is fruit (peaches, cherries, plums) grown in Ontario? (
Niagara fruit belt
77
What are the advantages of the microclimate (niagara fruit belt) between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario?
1. Longer frost-free season preventing premature budding 2. Niagara Escarpment prevents harsh winds
78
What are the 3 reasons for manufacturing taking plcae in Southern Ontario?
1. Proximity to USA 2. Trade restriction (national policy) 3. Dize of domestic market (large workforce)
79
What are the 5 parts to the auto industry?
1. materials suppliers 2. parts production in small factories 3. vehicle assemnly in massive plants 4. service frims (advertisers, designers, sales) 5. corporate (decision makers, admin)
80
What are the benefits of the 1965 US-Canada auto pact that formed one large North American auto industry?
1. Guarentee Canadian plants would not close 2. Allowed Canadian plants to specialize in certain vehicle models 3. Reduced price of vehicles
81
What did the Auto Pact do?
eliminated the 15% tariff on automobiles and parts and guarenteed Canada a minimum level of automobile production
82
The Auto Pact is the precursor to what?
NAFTA
83
How many plants are in southern ontario? what 5 companies?
7 plants 1. GM 2. Chrysler 3. Ford 4. Toyota 5. Honda
84
What are the Big 3 automotive companies? What type of vehicle do they dominate?
Ford, GM, Chrysler → pick-up trucks, minivans, SUVs
85
Who produces 60% of behicles in North America?
Big Three
86
Why did Toyota and Hondo build plants in Ontario in the 80s despite being lured by US jurisdictions?
1. Ontario has highly skilled automotive workforce (but so does Michigan) 2. publicly funded health care is available and therefore companies do not have to pay for med insurance for their employees
87
Who is a bigger producers of automobiles now? Michigan or Ontario?
Ontario
88
What caused 2008-09 recession?
Mortgage crisis in USA (1 million families lost their homes to foreclosure)
89
How was the auto industry impacted by the recession?
GM and Chrysler could not pay their workers → Ontario exports fell hard → ripple effect throughout manufacturing and service sectors resulted in thousands of layoffs in SWO
90
How was the auto manufacturing industry saved?
Bush, Harper, and McGuinty (Ontario Premier) provided billions in loans (all have been paid back) and saved tens of thousands of jobs
91
Why are forestry, mining, and auro industries mostly exported to USA?
Candian market can't aborb it all
92
How much does automobile trade account for in Canada's trade w/ America?
80%
93
Which city in Mexico is the centre of most of the manufacturing in that country?
Monterey
94
Besides lower labour costs, what other reasons was the Magna parts company attracted to Mexico?
1. Assmbly and machining→ 6-8% productivity gains annually 2. flexibility and attitude of workers as they are more open minded
95
Why are Mexico's many trade agreements beneficial to automakers?
having free trade with 44 other countries makes it cheaper to ship to Europe and Asia than from Canada
96
Where is the Technology Triangle of Canada?
Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge (software companies are headquartered there)
97
What two large US cities have strong relationships both economically and culturally with Canada?
Buffalo and Detoit
98
What are 5 geographic impacts of ubranization of the Goden Horseshoe?
1. Farms are subdivided for residential and commercial development 2. Reluctance to plant new trees 3. Greater demand for services (schools, health care..) 4. Speculation (holding land in anticipation of future development may lead to high land prices) 5. Lack of confidence in famring (not considered good long term investment)
99
How many people live in most densly populated area in Canada?
8 million
100
What is the main force driving Toronto's population growth?
Immigration
101
Toronto has become a hub for what industry?
Entertainment
102
What percentage of Torontonians are visible minorities?
51%
103
What is Hamilton known for?
steel production, health-care
104
What is Kitchener-Waterloo known for?
tech and research
105
What is London known for?
Insurance, education, regional service centre
106
What is St.Catharine's Niagara Falls known for?
tourism
107
What is Windsor known for?
manufacturing
108
What is Sudbury known for?
nickel and copper mining
109
What is Thunder Bay known for?
trans-shipment point (transfer goods from rails to boats) on Great Lakes
110
What is Sault Ste. Marie known for?
steel production
111
What is North Bay known for?
regional service centre
112
What is Timmins known for?
Gold mining
113
What is the Greenbelt?
Green frontier around golden horseshoe by provincial government to prevent urban sprawl

Geography of Canada (12 decks)

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