Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy lecture exam 2 > LECTURE 6 spinal cord > Flashcards

LECTURE 6 spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

function of nervous system

A

coordinates the activity of muscles, organs, senses, and actions (control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 steps of nervous system function

A

1: receives sensory input
2: integrate all input and determine response
3: send motor output/command

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structural divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

components of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functions of central nervous system

A

(represents step 2) interprets incoming sensory signals, dictates motor response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

components of peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves, nerve plexuses (enteric system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of peripheral nervous system

A

(represents steps 1 & 3) communication between regions of the body and the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how reflex arc works

A

sometimes the nervous system needs to protect the body by skipping connection of sensory input and motor output through the use of an interneuron, allowing the motor output to occur more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

definition of reflex arc

A

rapid, automatic motor response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where reflex arc usually occurs

A

spinal cord or brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examples of reflexes

A

skeletal muscle movement when touching something burning, smooth muscle of stomach moving to induce vomiting if toxin ingested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

are reflex arcs voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lifespan of neurons

A

neurons have high longevity, so there is no regeneration/mitosis, which is why they need to be protected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

features of neuron

A

cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath (sometimes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure of myelin sheath

A

surrounds thicker axons, forms insulating layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

functions of myelin sheath

A

prevents leakage of electrical current, speeds up the impulse conudction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are neurons or neuroglia more common?

A

neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of cells produce myelin sheath?

A

neuroglial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

organization of a nerve

A

3 layers: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium; nerves are bundles of axons carrying signals throughout the body (in PNS); CT layers contain blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

endoneurium of nerve

A

most deep level, surrounds each axon (nerve fiber), myelinated and unmyelinated axons, motor and sensory nerve fibers, loose CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

perineurium of nerve

A

middle level, bundles axons into fascicles, CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

epineurium of nerve

A

most superficial level, bundles fascicles into a nerve, fibrous CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2 types of nerve signals/fibers

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

description of sensory nerve signals

A

picked up by sensory receptors throughout body, carried by nerve fibers of PNS into CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
description of motor nerve signals
carried away from the CNS by nerve fibers into PNS, innervate muscles and glands, causes these organs to contract or secrete
26
somatic vs. visceral signals
somatic information coming from outside body cavity, visceral information coming from inside body cavity
27
somatic sensory signal examples
body senses: touch, pressure, temperature, vibration of body, muscles stretching, balance
28
visceral sensory signal examples
organ senses: stretch, pain, temperature in organs, eg: nausea, hunger, cramps
29
somatic motor signal examples
body movement: voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles
30
visceral motor signal examples
organ movement: contraction of smooth muscle, gland secretion, contraction of cardiac muscle, aka autonomic nervous system (ANS) (involuntary)
31
two components of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic system, parasympathetic system
32
special somatic sensory signals
hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell
33
special visceral sensory signals
taste
34
location of spinal cord
runs through vertebral canal of the vertebral column
35
spinal cord protected by
bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
36
spinal cord made up of
a core of gray matter surrounded by white matter
37
spinal nerve description
31 pairs of spinal nerves branch off spinal cord through intervertebral foramen
38
description of meninges of spinal cord
membranes surrounding the spinal cord
39
3 layers of meninges of spinal cord
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (all made of CT)
40
functions of meninges of spinal cord
protect spinal cord, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), protect blood vessels serving spinal cord
41
description of dura mater of meninges of spinal cord
most superficial, fibrous CT, spinal dural sheath (one layer), does not attach to bone (creates epidural space), merges with epineurium of spinal roots and nerves (more protective, better connection)
42
description of arachnoid mater of meninges of spinal cord
middle layer, impermeable barrier to contain CSF, raised off pia mater by rootlets, creates subarachnoid space that holds CSF
43
description of pia mater of meninges of spinal cord
deepest layer, adheres to brain/spinal cord tissue, highly vascular, creates the denticulate ligaments, thin and delicate
44
functions of denticulate ligaments
create extra protection to spinal cord, attach spinal cord laterally to help anchor within vertebral canal
45
description of epidural space of meninges of spinal cord
loose CT, fat and veins, nerves; between dura mater and vertebra, not present around brain
46
description of subdural space of meninges of spinal cord
between dura mater and arachnoid mater, potential space that blood can enter during trauma
47
description of subarachnoid space of meninges of spinal cord
between arachnoid mater and pia mater, contains CSF, contains large blood vessels, runs to level of S2
48
regions of spinal cord (5)
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
49
enlargements of spinal cord (2)
cervical enlargement (innervates upper limbs), lumbosacral enlargement (innervates lower limbs)
50
description of conus medullaris of spinal cord
located around L1-L2, tapered end
51
description of filum terminale of spinal cord
CT and pia mater, attaches to coccyx, anchors spinal cord caudally to form conus medullaris
52
description of cauda equina of spinal cord
nerve bunch that extends caudally from spinal cord, looks like horse's tail
53
description of gray matter of spinal cord
consists of neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and neuroglia; shaped like an "H"/butterfly
54
components of gray matter
2 posterior horns (sensory information coming in), 2 anterior horns (motor information going out), gray commissure, central canal (contains CSF)
55
description of posterior horns of gray matter
consists of interneurons that transmit in from outside spinal cord into it, dorsal root contains sensory fibers (somatic and visceral)
56
description of anterior horns of gray matter
consists of cell bodies of motor neurons that send info out of spinal cord to muscles and glands; ventral root contains motor fibers (somatic and visceral)
57
description of white matter of spinal cord
surrounds gray matter, composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons (only cell part present), divided into white columns (funiculi) that create tracts, allow for communication between parts of the spinal cord (commissurally) and between spinal cord and brain
58
definition of tract (in spinal cord)
bundles of axons traveling to similar destination
59
tracts in white matter of spinal cord
2 posterior funiculi, 2 anterior funiculi, 2 lateral funiculi
60
types of nerve fibers in white matter of spinal cord
ascending nerve fibers, descending nerve fibers, commissural nerve fibers
61
description of ascending nerve fibers of white matter of spinal cord
carry sensory info from sensory neurons of body to brain (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
62
description of descending nerve fibers of white matter of spinal cord
carry motor instructions from brain to spinal cord, contraction of muscles and secretion of glands (controlling precise, skilled movement, eg: writing, maintaining balance, create movement)
63
description of commissural nerve fibers of white matter of spinal cord
cross from one side of spinal cord to the other

anatomy lecture exam 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions