LECTURE 8 upper respiratory tract

Question 1

components of upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nose, external nares, vestibule, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

Question 2

description of nose

Answer 2

only portion of respiratory tract externally visible; made of connective tissue, bone, hyaline cartilage

Question 3

description of external nares

Answer 3

nostrils, openings for air to enter and exit the vestibule, face inferiorly (important for function)

Question 4

function of nose

Answer 4

to keep bad things (dirt, dust, debris) from entering nasal cavity

Question 5

description of vestibule

Answer 5

superior to nostrils, entranceway into nasal cavity, lined with skin (not wet mucosa)

Question 6

components of skin of vestibule

Answer 6

sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hairs and vibrissae

Question 7

functions of sebaceous glands of skin of vestibule

Answer 7

greasy secretion, collect dirt, lubricate, kill bacteria

Question 8

functions of sweat glands of skin of vestibule

Answer 8

acidic, slows growth of bacteria

Question 9

functions of hairs and vibrissae of skin of vestibule

Answer 9

physical filter, trap small particles of dirt, filter larger particles (insects, etc.)

Question 10

functions of nasal cavity

Answer 10

provides airway for respiration, moistens and warms air, filters inhaled air, resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors

Question 11

special features of nasal cavity

Answer 11

nasal septum and internal nares (choanae)

Question 12

description of nasal septum of nasal cavity

Answer 12

divides cavity into right and left halves; formed from: vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone (suture), hyaline cartilage; covered with mucosa

Question 13

description of internal nares of nasal cavity

Answer 13

aka choanae, 2 total, connect each half of nasal cavity with nasopharynx

Question 14

roof of nasal cavity

Answer 14

ethmoid bone (cribform plate)

Question 15

floor of nasal cavity

Answer 15

hard palate (also roof of oral cavity): maxillae bones (palatine process), palatine bones (horizontal plate); soft palate: skeletal muscle extending posteriorly, ends in uvula

Question 16

lateral walls of nasal cavity

Answer 16

nasal bones, ethmoid bones (superior and middle nasal conchae), inferior nasal conchae, maxillae, palatine bones

Question 17

posterior boundry of nasal cavity

Answer 17

nasopharynx

Question 18

components of lining of nasal cavity

Answer 18

respiratory mucosa, olfactory mucosa

Question 19

description of respiratory mucosa of nasal cavity

Answer 19

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (goblet cells - mucus secretion), lamina propria (mucus and serous cells), venous plexus (to filter and warm inhaled air), highly innervated (sneezing)

Question 20

description of olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity

Answer 20

located at roof of nasal cavity, houses smell receptors, no goblet cells (no mucus secretion), cilia modified for olfaction

Question 21

description of nasal conchae of nasal cavity

Answer 21

project medially from each lateral wall, made of bone, covered by same mucosa as rest of respiratory tract

Question 22

3 pairs of nasal conchae

Answer 22

superior (ethmoid bone), middle (ethmoid bone), inferior (its own bone)

Question 23

functions of nasal conchae of nasal cavity

Answer 23

create turbulence of air to increase: filtration, heating and moistening during inhalation; reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation; forces air to touch walls and mucosa; increase surface area (of mucosa)

Question 24

description of paranasal sinuses of skull

Answer 24

air filled spaces within a skull bone, surround and are connected to nasal cavity, no olfactory receptors, lined by respiratory mucosa

Question 25

paranasal sinuses of skull

Answer 25

frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 26

functions of paranasal sinuses of skull

Answer 26

perform same function as nasal cavity and lighten the skull

Question 27

description of pharynx

Answer 27

connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus, common passage for food and air, contains skeletal muscle (pharyngeal constrictors for voluntary swallowing), lined with mucosa, innervated by vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

Question 28

divisions of pharynx

Answer 28

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 29

description of tonsils of pharynx

Answer 29

lymphoid organ (MALT: mucosa associated lymphoid tissue), form a ring around the entrance to pharynx

Question 30

functions of tonsils of pharynx

Answer 30

remove pathogens, process antigens, set up immune response (minor role)

Question 31

groups of tonsils of pharynx

Answer 31

palatine, lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids: inflamed pharyngeal tonsil), tubal

Question 32

description of nasopharynx of pharynx

Answer 32

only an air passageway, ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, closed off during swallowing by soft palate and uvula, most superior level of pharynx

Question 33

location of nasopharynx of pharynx

Answer 33

posterior to nasal cavity, interior to sphenoid bone, superior to level of soft palate

Question 34

contents of nasopharynx of pharynx

Answer 34

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), tubal tonsils

Question 35

description of oropharynx of phaynx

Answer 35

passageway for food and air, stratified squamous epithelium, middle level of pharynx

Question 36

location of oropharynx of phaynx

Answer 36

posterior to oral cavity, inferior to level of soft palate, superior to level of epiglottis

Question 37

contents of oropharynx of pharynx

Answer 37

palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils

Question 38

description of laryngopharynx of pharynx

Answer 38

passageway for food and air (moves air to larynx, forces food to esophagus if epiglottis has close laryngeal inlet), stratified squamous epithelium, most inferior level of pharynx

Question 39

location of laryngopharynx of pharynx

Answer 39

posterior to larynx, continuous with esophagus and larynx

Question 40

contents of laryngopharynx of pharynx

Answer 40

contains no tonsils

Question 41

description of larynx

Answer 41

part of lower respiratory tract, extends from C4-C6, lined with mucosa, superior part lined with stratified squamous epithelium (consistent with laryngopharynx), inferior part lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, innervated by vagus nerve, made of mostly hyaline cartilge, has lumen for air, contains vocal cords

Question 42

attachments of larynx

Answer 42

hyoid bone superiorly, continuous with trachea inferiorly

Question 43

functions of larynx

Answer 43

vocalization ("voice box"), provides open airway, puts food into esophagus and keeps it out of respiratory tract

Question 44

description of cartilages of larynx

Answer 44

9 cartilages, all hyaline cartilage except epiglottis (elastic cartilage), cartilages connected to each other by membranes and ligaments

Question 45

cartilages of larynx

Answer 45

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, 2 arytenoid, 2 corniculate, 2 cuneiform

Question 46

description of epiglottis of larynx

Answer 46

projects superiorly from anterior wall of laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue, elastic cartilage, closes off laryngeal inlet during swallowing, sometimes has tastebuds

Question 47

description of thyroid cartilage of larynx

Answer 47

largest cartilage of larynx, shield shaped, formed by 2 plates (fused midline), laryngeal prominence (adam's apple), sexually dismorphic (larger in males)

Question 48

description of cricoid cartilage of larynx

Answer 48

inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx, superior to trachea, forms a complete ring

Question 49

description of vocal cords

Answer 49

located in larynx, connect to arytenoid and thyroid cartilages, thickening of mucosa, mucosal folds formed by vocal ligaments, composed of elastic fibers

Question 50

function of vocal cords

Answer 50

vibrate as air passes over them during exhalation: force of air = volume, length and tension of folds = pitch, muscles move cords to produce sound

Question 51

description of false vocal cords

Answer 51

vestibular folds, superior to true vocal cords, no role in voice production, more protective role