Lecture 6: The Rise of the Hospital

Question 1

Early hospitals were often what sorts of institutions?

Answer 1

religious or charity

Question 2

In the 1700s, hospitals were on the___of medical care in Europe.

Answer 2

periphery

Question 3

What did hospitals begin to gradually assume in health care?

Answer 3

central role

Question 4

What were charity hospitals viewed as?

Answer 4

a place of last resort

Question 5

What did the charity hospital initially rely on?

Answer 5

philanthropic donations

Question 6

How was the charity hospitals run?

Answer 6

privately or through religious orders

Question 7

Who did charity hospitals cater to? Why?

Answer 7

people with work-related injuries because it was a state interest (needed people to work)

Question 8

What were the 6 types of health care institutions?

Answer 8

1) penitentiaries
2) asylums
3) charity hospitals
4) workhouse (infirmaries)
5) military hospitals
6) cottage hospitals

Question 9

What were workhouse infirmaries?

Answer 9

work for welfare –> doctors supplied to keep people healthy so that they could keep working

Question 10

Did military hospitals have better or worse access to healthcare?

Answer 10

better, not necessarily better medicine

Question 11

Who were cottage hospitals for?

Answer 11

the elite and wealthy

Question 12

What were 5 types of specialized hospitals/infirmaries?

Answer 12

1) smallpox hospitals
2) venereal disease hospitals
3) lying-in hospitals (maternity)
4) general hospitals
5) asylums/mental disease hospitals

Question 13

How did you gain admission to a charity hospital?

Answer 13

• Parish (talked to priest first, recommended you to the governor)
• Governor (plead that you were worth of their money to be healed)
• Benefactors (someone to vouch for you [your honour])

Question 14

What did admission to a charity hospital depend on?

Answer 14

destitution, working poor, type of illness

Question 15

What did you need to practice to be admitted into a charity hospital?

Answer 15

humility

Question 16

What would a governor or parish priest assess and consider when looking at your case?

Answer 16

• assess character

- consider disease

Question 17

What percent of hospital admissions were for ‘pos’ (syphilis)?

Answer 17

20%

Question 18

You had to___yourself to gain access to charity hospital.

Answer 18

humble

Question 19

The rise of the charity hospital:
Place of Last resort
Patients would try to\_\_\_
Risk of\_\_\_
Medical\_\_\_

Answer 19

• escape
• contagion
• experimentation

Question 20

Once accepted into hospital, did you have full control over your body anymore?

Answer 20

People would submit bodies to the institution, it may have been a condition of acceptance into hospital.

Question 21

What would the majority of patients with means support?

Answer 21

private practitioners

Question 22

What wer military hospitals subject to?

Answer 22

discipline that exceeded the civilian experiences

Question 23

Describe the hospital as an institution.

Answer 23

• dominate the landscape
• use of resources
• proof that government is strong and powerful
• beacon of order –> imposting

Question 24

Why’d the state increasingly take an interest in institution riding?

Answer 24

As a symptom of the health of the states

Question 25

What was often the result of institution building culturally and physically (what type of culture developed iow)?

Answer 25

these imposting structures with their own sub-cultures

Question 26

What did the State taking a role in building things like hospitals, universities, and jails prove?

Answer 26

Proof of state trying to prove power and control.

Question 27

What was the fact that the State repeated the same architecture style with institutions off all kinds proof of?

Answer 27

civilization

Question 28

What did medical education become tied to?

Answer 28

Hospitals

Question 29

What were some aspects of medical education that tied it to hospitals?

Answer 29

- bedside earning - experience - empirical observation of patients' signs and symptoms

Question 30

Hospitals slowly move to the___of the healthcare system and become part of the__state.

Answer 30

- center | - welfare

Question 31

What did the state see healthcare as a part of its role in providing? What did this lead to states trying to do in regards to hospitals?

Answer 31

- role in providing a welfare state | - clean up their image

Question 32

As hospitals slowly became the centre of the healthcare system, what ideas shifted?

Answer 32

shifting ideas about what it means to be healthy

Question 33

Increasingly, hospitals became a place to house new___.

Answer 33

technologies

Question 34

What did the fact that hospitals could house new technologies mean?

Answer 34

That you don't just have to rely on what you can carry to a patients house.

Question 35

Hospital populations provided a captive (and often welcoming) set of subjects for what purpose?

Answer 35

introducing new theories or instruments

Question 36

Hospitals became places of___.

Answer 36

observation

Question 37

What are some of the early 19th century technologies that became associated with hospital medicine? (5)

Answer 37

- autopsies - stethoscope - endoscopes - x-ray - laboratories (bacteriology, chemistry, pathology, etc.)

Question 38

What were hospital wards segregated by? What kind of class environment did they remain?

Answer 38

``` Segregated wards by gender, disease, and paying and non-paying. -remained a lower-working class environment ```

Question 39

Why were patients expected to earn their keep in hospitals? What did they have to do?

Answer 39

- morality/discipline | - chores

Question 40

What does Michel Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, argue that 18th century reforms gave rise to?

Answer 40

Argues that the 18th century reforms that give rise to the 'modern' hospital (and 'modern' medicine) cause a paradigmatic shift in the language and meaning of health.

Question 41

What did Foucault believe the medical graze was?

Answer 41

The shift in power attributed to medicine, according to Foucault, fundamentally shifts the ways in which were experience health, by creating a new language for describing our health, and a new level of 'experts' empowered to interpret health.

Question 42

Hospitals were often___resorts.

Answer 42

last

Question 43

In which century did hospitals become a centre piece of modern and coveted health care?

Answer 43

20th century